Essay --

Carla Molina December 19th, 2013 Period.8 Judicial Review Research ‘ Case One: â€Å"Georgia .vs. Randolph† Summary This case is about Scott Randolph, who’s home was searched without a warrant. Due to this â€Å"corrupted† search, police ended up finding cocaine in his home. As a matter of fact both Randolph and his wife Janet Randolph were present during the search, it’s stated that Randolph’s wife gave permission to search the house. However Randolph denied to give that consistent, but police believed that the wife’s permission was all they needed. After the encounter with the drugs, Randolph was arrested for drug possession. This case was taken to trail and both the appellate court and Georgie Supreme court believed that the search of Randolph's home was unconstitutional. Key Details & Ideas Majority Opinion: Said by Justice David Souter â€Å" In the majority opinion, compared the reasonableness of such a search to a more casual interaction.† He believes that the co-occupants consent is not valid because their was the refusal of an other occupant. Beside on the Fourth Amendment it states that â€Å" a valid warrantless entry and search of a premises when the police obtain the voluntary consent of an occupant who shares, or is reasonably believed to share, common authority over the property, and no present co-tenant objects.† Dissenting Opinion Said by Justice Scalia â€Å" It is an act of responsible citi... .... Madison was applied to this decision because the actions committed were unconstitutional. According to the Supreme Court the 8th Amendment was broken because the District Court of Appeal was giving a cruel and unusual punishment to Graham. The 8th amendment claus does not allow a juvenile offender to be sentenced to life in jail without a parole for a non-homicidal crime. Therefore Terrance could not fall through with this punishment. Opinion In my opinion, I actually agree with the court decision because yes although he did committed a crime, to be sentenced for life at young age is pretty harsh. I do agree that he should pay for his consequences but not to that extreme. They should honestly come up with a plan that suits his crime. Plus he has the right of the 8th Amendment, to not condone a cruel punishment if it does not suit the crime in which he committed.

How the Ends Justify the Means Essay

Everyone has goals. Some people believe in order to attain a certain goal that it is acceptable to do things that are immoral. This may cause one to wonder if the actions taken to reach such a goal will be worth it. I am going to discuss some different situations that may or may not have a worthy ending, including any means it might take to reach goals such as gaining power, maintaining authority and gaining a title. I’ll also go over what some of the difficulties are in using tactics that may be categorized as unfair or even bad. Are immoral actions ever an acceptable way to achieve a goal? Machiavelli insists that it is not only acceptable, but a necessary means of gaining and maintaining power if that were the goal one wished to achieve. I do believe, however, that doing so may prove to be more difficult than imagined. I say this because anyone who is trying to create or keep an image would want to appear moral even through actions that when looked at separately may not see m so. One cannot, in my opinion, be greedy while simultaneously appearing generous. There must be a middle ground; a place that is at either one absolute or the other, but rather a balance of the two extremes.[1] For example, Machiavelli states â€Å"With time he will come to be considered more generous once it is evident that, as a result of his parsimony, his income is sufficient† (43). Therefore, one may seem generous without actually giving up anything, as long as nothing is being taken. There is no need to give up all to be generous. Nor is there a need to take all from others to maintain wealth. Is the perception of being cruel to be preferred over that of being merciful? Yes, with cruelty comes fear of consequences. Those who are afraid of repercussions are less likely to rebel. Just like Scipio, who was overthrown in Spain just because he showed too much compassion (Machiavelli 47). Too much mercy or compassion is likely to do nothing more than put a figurative target on one ’s back. To avoid being overthrown, Scipio should have instilled a certain level of fear in those who lacked discipline. Those under him had no fear in acting upon the envy they had for such power. The fear and discipline needed is comparable to modern day prisons. For instance, if Jack the prison guard acted as though he was more of a friend to the prisoners, they would not fear him and would be constantly looking for ways to undermine his authority. On the contrary, if Jack were throwing prisoners into segregation for small things such as not having their beds made, the prisoners would have a greater fear of the consequences for other offenses.[2] This also may be a difficult medium to attain because one wouldn’t want to take the authority aspect to a level where it would only create anger and resentment rather than the desired fear and respect. Straying from a promise is another thing that is perceived to be immoral, but is sometimes necessary gain a desired title. It is necessary to know how to disguise the human nature of being a hypocrite and a liar because the people that are being lied to will be so wrapped up in themselves that they will actually allow themselves to be deceived and not even realize what’s happening (Machiavelli 48). Just as in politics today, there are always promises being made and not followed through on. It seems as though this is how things have always been. And yet, the people to whom these politicians give their speeches, seem to believe that one party or the other speaks the truth, and then go back on those original beliefs after that party has come into office, and speak of what a liar he or she has turned out to be. Politicians in my opinion have yet to master the art of disguising their deception for any longer than it takes to gain a title. I do believe the middle ground for lying, is that it should only be done with good intention behind it. In conclusion, I find myself agreeing with the many statements given by Machiavelli in that it is very necessary to act in some ways that could be viewed as immoral in order to reach a goal. They seem to hold an especially helpful curve if that goal is to gain power, maintain order or create an image for one’s self. But, I also believe that in order for such strategies to be effective, a middle ground has to be reached. These cannot be seen in an all or nothing sense. They each have difficulties and they each have proven to be effective when that middle ground is reached. Works Cited Machiavelli, Niccolo. â€Å"The Qualities of the Prince.† World of Ideas Boston, Bedford/St.Martin’s 2010 ———————– [1] Definition: Middle Ground [2] Hypothetical Example

Article 4 of the U.S. Constitution Text and Meaning

Article IV of the U.S. Constitution is a relatively uncontroversial section that establishes the relationship between states and their disparate laws. It also details the mechanism by which new states are permitted to enter the nation and the federal governments obligation to maintain law and order in the event of an invasion or other breakdown of a peaceful union. There are four subsections to Article IV of the U.S. Constitution, which was  signed in convention on Sept. 17, 1787, and ratified by the states on June 21, 1788.   Subsection I:  Full Faith and Credit Summary: This subsection establishes that states are required to recognize the laws passed by other states and accept certain records such as drivers licenses. It also requires states to enforce the rights of citizens from other states.   In early America — a time before copy machines, when nothing moved faster than a horse — courts rarely knew which handwritten document was actually another state’s statute, or which half-illegible wax seal actually belonged to some county court many weeks’ travel away. To avoid conflict, Article IV of the Articles of Confederation said that each state’s documents should get Full Faith and Credit elsewhere, wrote Stephen E. Sachs, a Duke University Law School professor. The section states: Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each State to the public Acts, Records, and judicial Proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may by general Laws prescribe the Manner in which such Acts,  Records  and Proceedings shall be proved, and the Effect thereof. Subsection II:  Privileges and Immunities This subsection requires that each state must treat citizens of any state equally. U.S. Supreme Court Justice  Samuel F. Miller in 1873 wrote that the sole purpose of this subsection was to declare to the several States that whatever those rights, as you grant or establish them to your own citizens, or as you limit or qualify, or impose restrictions on their exercise, the same, neither more nor less, shall be the measure of the rights of citizens of other States within your jurisdiction. The second statement requires states to which  fugitives flee to return them to the state demanding custody. The  subsection states: The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States.A Person charged in any State with Treason, Felony, or other Crime, who shall flee from Justice, and be found in another State, shall on Demand of the executive Authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having Jurisdiction of the Crime. A portion of this section  was made obsolete  by the 13th Amendment, which abolished slavery in the U.S.  The provision stricken from Section II prohibited free states from protecting slaves, described as persons held to Service or Labour, who escaped from their owners. The obsolete provision directed those slaves to be delivered up on Claim of the Party to whom such Service or Labour may be due. Subsection III:  New States This subsection allows Congress to admit new states into the union. It also allows for the creation of a new state from parts of an existing state. New states may be formed out of an existing state provided all parties consent: the new state, the existing state, and the Congress, wrote Cleveland-Marshall College of Law professor David F. Forte.  In that way, Kentucky, Tennessee, Maine, West Virginia, and arguably Vermont came into the Union. The section states: New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the Junction of two or more States, or Parts of States, without the Consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress.The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to Prejudice any Claims of the United States, or of any particular State. Subsection IV:  Republican Form of Government Summary: This subsection allows presidents to send federal law enforcement officials into states to maintain law and order. It also promises a republican form of government. The Founders believed that for government to be republican, political decisions had to be made by a majority (or in some cases, a plurality) of voting citizens. The citizenry might act either directly or through elected representatives. Either way, republican government was government accountable to the citizenry, wrote Robert G. Natelson, a senior fellow in constitutional jurisprudence for the Independence Institute. The section states: The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of them against Invasion; and on Application of the Legislature, or of the Executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened) against domestic Violence. Sources The Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics Guide to the U.S. ConstitutionNational Constitution CenterThe Heritage Foundation Guide to the ConstitutionU.S. Government Publishing Office

Essay about The Death Penalty - 1771 Words

The most severe of all sentences: that of death. Also known as the death penalty, capital punishment is the most severe form of corporal punishment as it is requires law enforcement officers to kill the offender. It has been banned in many countries. In the United States, an earlier move to eliminate capital punishment has now been reversed and more and more states are resorting to capital punishment for serious offenses such as murder. In this essay, I will elaborate on capital punishment and on the cases of Joe Guy, Tommy Zeigler, Leroy Orange, and Charles Munsey. The Bible mentions that one should not take another’s life and people have been violating this for centuries. We use it in reference to burglary, adultery, love and many†¦show more content†¦Consider those jurisdictions that eschew capital punishment altogether. What sanction can such jurisdictions really apply to those who have already been sentenced to life in prison without parole? Sentences of this sort may take more lives overall by increasing the number of essentially unpunishable within prison homicides of guards and fellow inmates.53 Many murderers are killed in prison even in states that lack the death penalty.54 And if murderers are eventually paroled into the general population, some of them will kill again. Overall, it is quite possible that the permanent incapacitation of murderers through execution might save lives on net. A finding that capital punishment deters-and deterrence is our focus here-is sufficient but not necessary to find a life-life tradeof f. With this being said capital punishment is serving in a positive way. If capital punishment spectator would look at it this way, and publicize it in a manner to get a message across to the violent offenders these corrupt crime wave would drop dramatically. In the case involving Joe Guy, he was convicted for his role in a 1993 convenience-store robbery in Plainview, TX in which the store owner was killed, and his elderly mother wounded. Guy, alleged to be the unarmed lookout, received the death sentence; the alleged mastermind and shooters, in separate trials, received life sentences. Here a man is a â€Å"lookout† and is getting ready to be put to death, because of aShow MoreRelatedThe Death Penalty Is Justified1143 Words   |  5 PagesAllison Shu 2/25/16 Period 2 Objective paper on the death penalty Capital punishment is legally authorized killing as punishment for a crime. The death penalty questions the morality of killing a person as justification for their crime. It also brings to question whether the death penalty actually serves as a deterrent for crime, and that some of the people executed are found innocent afterwards. The debates over the constitutionality of the death penalty and whether capital punishment should be usedRead MoreThe Death Penalty For Juveniles946 Words   |  4 Pages The death penalty for minors differs greatly from the death penalty for adult. The law that minor could be put on death row was decided to rule against the eighth amendment. The eighth amendment prohibits the act of â€Å"cruel and unusual punishment† which putting minors on death row breaks. On March 4, 2005 the law that minors could not be put on death row for their actions was set into place. The new laws say, â€Å"They cannot punish a minor by death penalty and they cannot punish someone for a crimeRead MorePro Death Penalty Speech1482 Words   |  6 Pagesintroduce myself before we get started. My name is Slick Perry and if you didn’t already know, I am the state governor of Texas. You are all aware that we are reviewing our recidivism rate to various crimes and reviewing our stance regarding the death penalty as we approach 2009. Everyone here understands that capital punishment is a very controversial topic in the United States. In Texas, from December 1982 through August 2008, only 361 criminals of the millions of Texans in our good state were executedRead MoreShould The Death Penalty Be Mandatory?925 Words   |  4 Pagesopinions on the subject. When we were discussing the death penalty although my opinion didn’t change, after hearing what some of my classmates had to say about the subject during our lab I was able to respectfully see why they had those thoughts and feelings about the subject. I believe that we should have the death penalty, and that it helps prevents more crime from happening. However, during our lab students that thought we should ban the death penalty had some pretty interesting reasons behind theirRead MoreThe Truth About The Death Penalty973 Words   |  4 Pages In her article â€Å"The Truth About The Death Penalty†, Carina Kolodny argues that the death penalty should be abolished in all fifty states due to the fact that it is ineffective and very expensive. Kolodny believes that capital punishment has too many complications and variables that cause it be more of an issue than a real solution for capital offenses. She proposes that the death penalty should be dropped and exchanged for better programs such as Proposition 34, which replaces capital punishmentRead MoreThe Death Penalty Should Be Legal1805 Words   |  8 Pagesthat we all know is the death penalty. This penalty has been going around for years. To many people it might be the best way of punishing a person. On the other hand there are people who think that if you kill a person you should be sentenced to die as well. For me I would say it might not be the best way and it not working as many would like it. When choosing if you are for the death penalty you have to okay with an insect person dyeing or even a family member being in death row. I know that is somethingRead MoreThe Death Penalty : An Effective Reliable Tool904 Words   |  4 Pagesthe death penalty has been a frequent topic of discussion, as our recent technological advancements have evidently led individuals to consider the â€Å"new found† legitimacy of our court systems, as statistics display that our previous racial bias and the apparent morality of the practice itself have a miniscule impact on our conviction rate. Both the advancements and ethics that the death penalty provides become apparent through the utilization of anecdotes and statistics, as the death penalty has prevailedRead MoreThe Bible and Death Penalty Essay example812 Words   |  4 Pagesa person’s view of the Bible influence what they think about the death penalty for murderers.† I would like to see if a person’s view of the bible influence what they think of the death penalty. This is interesting to me because I am interested in the field of criminal justice and the death penalty is a huge topic to this day. There are many journals that talk about studies that were done on religion and views of the death penalty which have to do with my topic of interest. My hypothesis is thatRead More The Death Penalty Is Archaic and Immoral Essays559 Words   |  3 Pages The death penalty is simply a modernized version of the Holy Bible’s â€Å"an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth, a hand for a hand, a foot for a foot†. Some argue that death is a necessary retribution for murderous cases - but is it effective morally? Revenge only glorifies violence, which is most definitely not the message the world strives to display. The death penalty is a negative form of punishment and insinuates a harsh reflection of society economically, politically, and socially. Read MoreEssay on Death Penalty - Herrera vs Collins1337 Words   |  6 PagesDeath Penalty - Herrera vs Collins The Supreme Court addressed the constitutionality of executing someone who claimed actual innocence in Herrera v. Collins (506 U.S. 390 (1993)). Although the Court left open the possibility that the Constitution bars the execution of someone who conclusively demonstrates that he or she is actually innocent, the Court noted that such cases would be very rare. The Court held that, in the absence of other constitutional violations, new evidence of innocence is no

US Health Care Reform Formulation Stages - 2079 Words

Formulation Stage Senator Ted Kennedy struggled to reform U.S. health care going back as far as 1971 (Furrow, 2011p. 476), through the brain tumor that ended his life in 2009. Furrow traced Kennedys contributions through U.S. health care reform to the first year of the Obama administration, even though Obama did not push universal health care particularly forcefully on the campaign trail until Kennedy endorsed him (Furrow, 2011, p. 474). Kennedy, according to Furrow (2011), was at least a strong tailwind, combining with grass roots pressures to push Obama in the direction of tackling major health care reform (p. 475). The picture emerges of a senior politician pursuing a lifelong objective, teaming up with interested parties to leverage progressive innovation at a critical opportunity that had eluded generations of policymakers. Ironic today, Furrow (2011) attributed the Massachusetts reform as providing the test case (p. 473) and prototype (p. 474) for federal health insurance polic y that originally appeared as the Affordable Health Choices Act, provisions of which became the core of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) later in 2009. Furmans model case study reveals the persistence and collaboration it takes to move a law of the scope of ACA through Congress, even given the political weight and power of a Ted Kennedy. It took the combined effort of the labor movement, the nonprofit sector, and sympathetic legislators through Kennedys careerShow MoreRelatedThe Health Care System in US: Overview and Challenges3098 Words   |  12 PagesThe Health Care System U.S. World Complex Name Institutional Affiliation Date: The Health Care System U.S. World Complex 1. From the video, assess how regulations in the U.S. impact the claims and facts presented in this video. Hypothesize where you think the biggest opportunity will be for pharmaceutical companies. After watching the video, I have realized that intellectual rights protection is based on the foundation of RD investment, which are also the building blocks of the pharmaceuticalRead MoreA Central Policy Document Of The Government2299 Words   |  10 Pagesbudgetary decisions enforcement. The procedures include both the executive and the congressional actions. This cyclical process of federal budgeting begins with the president’s annual budget formulation and ends with audit or review of expenditures. The major stages include: the president’s budget formulation, congressional budget actions, the budget implementation, audit, and review. This process may spread over a given period of years. Whereas the main steps are followed from one year to anotherRead Moreecon case study2916 Words   |  12 Pagesteaches us about problems in development and so we can better interpret these problems primarily by looking at the economic components that define the troubles. Furthermor e, economics is a social science and is concerned with people and economic development problems also stemming from people so these fields are related and understanding the one helps you better understand the other because you can build up a bigger picture. 5) Why is an understanding of development crucial to policy formulation in developingRead MoreHealth and Social Care4535 Words   |  19 PagesLondon Churchill College Topics: Psychology for Health amp; Social Care Practice (Unit 15) BTEC Higher National Diploma (HND) in Health amp; Social Care QCF Level 4 [A study of Psychology in Health amp; Social Care] By: Shah Shamima Begum To: Suzanne Lutchmun ID: LCC-20123434 Group A 1.1 Compare different psychological theories of lifespan dependent Answer to the question no 1.1 Developmental theories provide a set of guiding principles and concepts that describe and explainRead MoreBudgeting Process10662 Words   |  43 Pagesprocess: Zambia Country Report. 7. 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Techniques of fertilization in vitro can open the way to other forms of biologicalRead MoreA Guide to Zimbabwe Goverment Revenue11248 Words   |  45 PagesOrganizations to effectively monitor the Government of Zimbabwe Revenues as part of the broader Budgetary Policy Analysis and input | | | | Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction 4 1.1 Background 4 1.2 Enabling Legislations 4 1.3 Tax Reforms 5 1.4 Taxes and the economy 6 1.5 The toolkit 6 Chapter 2: Government Revenues categories 8 2.1 Definition of Revenue 8 2.2 Types of Government Revenue 8 2.3 Major Taxes charged in Zimbabwe 10 2.4 Major Tax Types 14 2.5 Non-tax revenues:Read MoreThe World Were In by Will Hutton4102 Words   |  17 Pagespolitics and economics. Its companies compete effectively in the world market, and yet European workers have relatively sane working hours, plus 4 weeks vacation to boot. Europe of late has adopted a much more cooperative stance on the world stage than America, acting multilaterally and generally taking a more compassionate and accomodating view. In an interconnected world, the European attitude is surely more productive. No argument there, and Americans would do well to thinkRead MoreCalifornia Government Structure Essay1909 Words   |  8 Pagesgovernor and comprises of many state departments that are headed by elected, appointed, and hired officials. Passing of a Bill To truly understand the process undergone and the roles played by the legislature and the executive to make a bill a law, let us examine the recent BILL NUMBER: AB 38 introduced on December 4, 2006, which was signed by the governor on 9/27/2008 and would become effective legislation on January 1, 2009. (http://www.leginfo.ca.gov) The actions of the senate and the assembly, hearings

Usefulness of Learning Process-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Questions: 1.Evaluate the effectiveness and your usefulness of the learning experience. 2.Explain how this learning process will be useful to you. 3.Describe objectively what happened in the learning process. 4.Evaluate what you learn. 5.Explain your learning process. 6.Explain Plan how this learning you will applied. Answers: 1.Effectiveness and usefulness of learning experience The learning process was very enriching and exciting as I got to learn about the several aspects of the cyber security. Earlier I was not aware of the cyber security and its various implications on the businesses. I reviewed the journal, articles and other publications so that I can gain an in-depth idea regarding the subject. I was amazed by the different perspectives that I got to learn about the subject matter. I learnt about the background of the cyber security and its importance. My opinion about the learning process has been immense. I was not aware of the research process earlier. After doing assignment 2, I was confident about preparing a research proposal. I am more confident about the data collection process and identified that qualitative research would be more useful for this particular project. I have immense value of this learning experience. My knowledge about the writing style of the research proposal would help me in the future endeavors. I have learnt about the art of literature review and how to select a wide range of scholarly articles for optimal use. 2.Usefulness of learning process This learning process would be helpful to me. The course has taught me to become aware of the different management issues and management principles of the organization. It has made me aware about the different resource allocation and the different management styles that are adopted by the organizations. I have become aware about the different kinds of management techniques that are being implemented in emergency situations.This project has made me learn about the different intricacies of the research and how it should be conducted. I have also learnt the correct act of documenting the same. In future endeavors, there are possibilities that I would be doing a dissertation. Hence, I need to be aware of the structure of dissertation. This research proposal has given me the idea of performing a dissertation by making me aware of its structure. In my life, I have become more confident after going through this unit. I have known how to deal with the assignment and the prerequisites of each section. I have also learnt that it is important to understand the perspectives of the authors so that I can form a judgement regarding their viewpoints. I have become more knowledgeable after doing this assignment and this has made me more confident too. 3.Happenings of the learning process I am amazed by so much happening of the learning process. I did extensive online search of the scholarly articles and found out the validity of their statements. I compared the journals and other research publications so that I can form my individual thinking. I have read may international publications which made me confident about the recent technological advancements in other parts of the world. I have heard from my colleagues that there are IT security solutions installed in our institution too. I have also inquired about them and have found out that Symantec software is installed. I also learnt about the security challenges from our IT manager. I noted down the important points regarding cyber security shared by him. 4.Evaluation of learnings The business research process was useful in my learning process and I gained useful insights from it. I learned some vital steps of carrying out qualitative research and the various steps involved in it. I also learnt about the different limitations of the research which would help me to perform future researches well. I had a good experience when I learnt to make Gantt charts that showed the timelines for the project. 5.Explanation of learning process I was involved in detailed literature review on Assignment 1. I learnt how to take into account the viewpoints of multiple authors and how to critically evaluate their statements. I did a comparative analysis of the various literature which helped me to understand the subject matter in a more detailed manner.I learnt the art of making research proposal in Assignment 2. I have learnt how to find the gaps in literature and how to do gap analysis. I did find the various opportunities on the basis of gaps in literature and based my study on that. I also learnt how to select a sample size for the study. I was not aware of the sampling processes and after doing the assignment I was knowledgeable about stratified random sampling. I understood the concepts of sampling and would be able to apply them in future researches as well. 6.Application of this learning The learning would be applicable to my future profession. I wish to be a teacher and hence they need to be aware of the structure of research. I am aware of how to carry out a research and how to write the same. This would help me to do well in my future academic life as well as in my future professional life too. I have become a more confident person after going through this course. I have also learnt a great deal on the various aspects of the cyber security, which would help me to address this issue in a better manner. When I would be working in professional environment, I would make sure to check all the IT security tools so that my organization is safe and the intruders are unable to access to our organizational systems.

Otto Rank Essays - Otto Rank, Golders Green Crematorium,

Otto Rank Otto (Rosenfield) Rank was born in Vienna, Austria on April 27, 1884. Otto changed his name to Rank in young adulthood. He felt that this symbolized self creation, which is his main ideal in life. Ottos family was not wealthy enough to send him and his brother to college, so Otto became a locksmith while his older brother studied law. He loved music, art, writing poems, reading philosophy and literature. After reading Freuds Interpretation of Dreams, Otto used psychoanalytic ideas in his manuscript on the artist. Otto met Sigmund Freud in 1905 through his family doctor, Alfred Adler. This meeting was to prove very important for Otto. He took along with him a manuscript of his now published book Art and Artist, which is an attempt to explain art with psychoanalytic principles. Freud was very impressed with the young Otto and encouraged him to pursue a Doctorate Degree in Literature at the University of Vienna. With the help of Freud, Otto did attend the University of Vienna, and in 1 912 received his doctorate in philosophy. He was 28. Rank was one of Freuds favorite disciples. He used to call him little Rank because he was only 53 tall. (www.ottorank.com) Although Freud had discouraged Otto from pursuing a medical career, he often addressed him as Dr. Rank and referred patients to him. Rank was the secretary and editor of minutes for the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society until 1924. In 1924 Rank published the book The Trauma of Birth. This book argued that the transition from the womb to the outside world caused great anxieties in the infant that may persist as anxiety neurosis into adulthood. (www.britannica.com) This book caused great controversy with the fellow Freudians because it challenged Freuds concepts. This book is what caused his break with Freud and with the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society. He then moved to the United States and continued to teach and practice his theories. Otto developed a concept similar to Freuds ego, which he called the Will. Just as the ego is the mediator in Freuds theory, the will is along these same ideas. The will acts as a directing power in personality. It is seen as a positive force for controlling and using a persons instinctive wants. Rank thought this to be a good tool for helping his patients with self-discovery and development. (www.britanica.com) He believed that the stronger a person's will was, the more adjusted that person would become. Rank believed that we are born with a will to be ourselves and to be free. He also believed that the outcome of our struggle for this freedom determines what kind of person we will become. He gave three basic personality types that are associated with the type of will we have. The Types are Adapted, Neurotic, and Productive. The adapted type is what Rank would call the average Joe. They obey the rules of their society, authority and deny most of their sexual impulses. These people learn to will what they have been forced to do.(George Boree) So basically these people are just the average anybody. They are the blue collar, tax paying, hard working, Americans who are just as well adjusted as they need to be, no more, no less. The neurotic type, as described by Rank, are those who have a stronger will than the average person. The neurotic suffers fundamentally from the fact that he cannot or will not accept himself.(Rank Art and Artist) However, their fight is constantly an internal vs. external battle. They tend to worry and feel guilty about being so willful. (Boree) They also tend to be higher developed morally. These are the do gooders of our lives. These are the people who try so hard to be well adjusted that they tend to spaz. I do understand though that they are better adjusted because they are constantly thinking about it. The Productive type has also been referred to as the artist, the creative, the genius, and the human being. These types accept themselves for who they are and dont battle for their own existence. The artist not only accepts his personality but goes far beyond it. (Rank Art an Artist) The artist created himself and then goes