Thomas Jefferson Essays (8234 words) - Thomas Jefferson,

Thomas Jefferson Tragically, present day Americans appear to have made a superior showing safeguarding what Thomas Jefferson has left us in blocks and mortar than we have protecting his thoughts. Voyagers visiting Charlottesville, Virginia, can observer firsthand the progressing endeavors to safeguard Jefferson's home at Monticello just as his breathtaking little Academical Village, the Lawn, which is as yet a crucial focus of understudy life at the University of Virginia. Further not far off, close to Lynchburg, Virginia, preservationists have started reestablishing Poplar Forest, Jefferson's retreat home. Researchers have been less fruitful in keeping alive his way of thinking, especially his thoughts regarding government - in spite of the abundant record he left in his compositions. Ken Burns' ongoing PBS narrative, Thomas Jefferson, is an a valid example. It includes a motorcade of researchers who all the while announce their own powerlessness to get Jefferson, and delude others with understandings of his life and believed that are as flawed as they are conflicting. Consumes illuminates the watcher, for instance, such Jefferson's reality was loaded with logical inconsistencies: the man of the individuals with the flavors of a blue-blood, the regular rights logician who claimed slaves, the long lasting hero of little government who dramatically increased the size of the United States, etc. The vast majority of these supposed inconsistencies truly aren't as contradictory as they show up, for they depend on defective suppositions or misconceptions of standards. Joseph Ellis, for instance, reasserts the bromide - normal among present day liberal scholastics - that the beliefs of balance and the quest for joy, as communicated in Jefferson's Declaration of Independence, are out of reach or conflicting. Be that as it may, there's nothing conflicting about balance of rights and every individual's quest for joy, if the idea of rights is appropriately comprehended. Herbert Spencer's law of equivalent opportunity, the extreme Whigs' idea of normal freedom, and Jefferson's idea of characteristic culture all represented how the two can cooperate. The way that a large number of the present intelligent people just don't get it uncovers substantially more about them than it does about Jefferson. Misinterpretations of Jefferson's political reasoning appear to be pandemic nowadays. The 1993 festivals of the 250th commemoration of Jefferson's introduction to the world, for instance, commonly advocated his notoriety for being father of American popular government. Boss Justice William Rehnquist, talking at the University of Virginia, resounded the perspectives on numerous Jefferson researchers that the lastingness of Jefferson lived not in his particular hypotheses or demonstrations of government, yet in his law based confidence. While it is unquestionably obvious that Jefferson was a main defender of delegate majority rule government - in Democracy in America , Alexis de Tocqueville considered Jefferson the most impressive supporter vote based system has ever sent forward - his dedication to vote based system was neither total nor unfit. In reality, Tocqueville thought it noteworthy that Jefferson once cautioned James Madison that the oppression of the assembly was the peril mo st to be dreaded in American government. To Jefferson, vote based system and its related standards - dominant part rule, equivalent rights, direct portrayal of the individuals in government - were significant, not as closures in themselves, however as fundamental intends to a more noteworthy end, the expansion of individual opportunity in common society. Freedom was Jefferson's most elevated worth; he devoted his life to what he once called the heavenly reason for freedom.1 A Radical Whig What over and over drew Jefferson away from his serene local life at Monticello and go into the political brawl was unequivocally that heavenly reason for opportunity, to which he felt compelled by a solemn obligation at whatever point he saw freedom undermined by an amazing focal government - regardless of whether it was the British government under King George III or the United States government under Federalist organizations. His energy for this reason was reflected in the language that he utilized in his political compositions. Jefferson, the passionate protector of strict opportunity, would in general use words, for example, sacred, universal, or catholic while talking about political, not strict, standards; he saved words, for example, blasphemer or renegade to reprove lawmakers whom he viewed as the adversaries of freedom. He summarized his all consuming purpose in a letter composed generally right off the bat in his open profession, in 1790, not long after his arrival to the United States following his ambassadorship to France. [T]he ground of freedom is to be picked up by inches . . . [W]e must be satisfied to make sure about what we

Theater Review First Date Essay Example For Students

Theater Review First Date Essay I went to â€Å"First Date† the night of June eighteenth at the Hobby Center in Downtown Houston, which was held at 7:30 p. m. This play was appeared from June 11 †June 21 in the TUTS Underground/Zilkha Hall. There were roughly 150 individuals who went to the play that night. Shockingly to me, the group ages extended from those in their thirties to fifties. The creator composed this play to help the idea of first dates, for this situation it was an arranged meet up. Anxiety consistently happens on a date, yet more so on an arranged meet up. Cassie was a sequential dater and Aaron was new to the dating scene. This is nearly the situation with any date. They were effective with the creation since they made it entertaining, however equivalent to what occurs, in actuality, on dates. The play was delivered for diversion of youthful grown-ups who are in the dating scene. A scene would begin with the characters convincing and afterward go to sing as well as moving. Here and there it was an individual, at that point perhaps a couple and a couple of times they did the entirety of this overall gathering. You could state there was little instruction in the play since it instructs us to be available to things we aren’t normally open to. The play was brimming with acceptable music, singing, acting, giggling and lighting. The character were in typical garments for being out on the town or working at the bar. They unquestionably fit the scene. They all had extraordinary voices when singing was associated with a scene. Cassie without a doubt had the most grounded voices of all! Every scene had flawless lighting, from people ones where the spot light was on that on-screen character, to bunches scenes that had distinctive shaded lights with impacts when moving. The creation had numerous great acting minutes, however my most loved was when Aaron demonstrated his touchy and passionate side with him mother who passed. The entire play was perky and entertaining, yet I like that he had the option to go it to an alternate course. He had the option to show Cassie an alternate side to him and I feel that is made her more pulled in to him. I truly can’t whine about any not all that great acting minutes. In the event that I needed to investigate anything, it would be the bartender’s job. I thought now and again he was excessively cheesy. It resembled his job made a decent attempt to be a piece of the creation. This was my absolute first auditorium show to ever join in and I was a little waver to be straightforward on the grounds that I didn’t realize what's in store. I carried my mother with me and I was intrigued with the creation since it had a blend of acting, moving and singing. It was something that numerous individuals can identify with now days. In general, First Date was a fun, reasonable and a night all around spent for amusement. The on-screen characters were so skilled, they had the option to play various characters during the creation. This was my first play to join in and I enjoyed it so much that I plan on going to see a greater amount of them around the Houston territory later on.

Everything You Need to Know About Duke University CEA

Everything You Need to Know About Duke University CEA Everything You Need to Know About Duke University Everything You Need to Know About Duke University So you want to go to Duke University? Youre not the first and you definitely wont be the last. With an acceptance rate of 9%, your chances arent great. So lets make sure you really want to go to this school before you take the time to apply and, yes, write the essays. Undergraduate tuition is $51,720, but half of Dukes undergrads receive financial aid. Undergraduate tuition rises to $68,298 when you account for room and board and additional fees. That doesnt include books. There are 14, 832 total students taking classes, most of which are seeking graduate and professional degrees. The top five majors are  Public Policy, Economics, Biology, Biomedical Engineering, and Psychology. The Ivy League was known as Trinity College (sound familiar?) until  James Buchanan Duke came along in 1924. The mens and womens undergraduate colleges didnt merge until  1972. 97% of students return after their first year. 95% of students graduate in four years (which is most of them!). Duke University sits on 8,691 acres of land, with over 7,000 of those acres occupied by Duke Forest. Their team is the Blue Devils. The school is located in Durham, North Carolina, just 30 minutes northwest of Raleigh. Durham has a population of 227,000. The closest beach is two and a half hours away. All first-year Duke undergraduates live on historic East Campus. Duke University has a strong commitment to environmental sustainability with 70% of its dining food waste composted. The Ivy League requires students to live on campus for the first three years. You can live with students based on common interests, like health or the arts, or instead, try to live with your friends as an upperclassmen. Still think this is the school for you? Okay! Then lets make sure you have a solid application to send their way! For starters, Duke University is on the Common Application so make sure you check out our guide for choosing the right prompt. Next, head on over to our Duke Supplemental Essay Guide to make sure youre properly taking advantage of the opportunity to speak to admissions in your own voice. Did that? Now make sure your college essays pass this test and youll be good to go! About Kat StubingView all posts by Kat Stubing » Want help with your supplements? We're here to help. GET IN TOUCH »

Concept Analysis Of Satisfaction For Breast Cancer Patients

Concept Analysis of Satisfaction in Breast Cancer Patients Patient satisfaction is a necessary aspect to gauge the value of care that is provided by hospitals, clinical settings, and inpatient and outpatient facilities. These types of facilities attempt to maintain a high level of satisfaction in order to remain a contender amongst similar facilities in the healthcare marketplace. The quality of care that is provided by nursing professionals tends to be a major contributing factor in patient satisfaction. The concept of patient satisfaction is measured on many levels in regards to numerous diseases and chronic illnesses. Further emphasis needs to be explored regarding satisfaction in breast cancer patients; whether they are newly diagnosed†¦show more content†¦58). Using the method provided by Walker and Avant (2011), the concept of satisfaction in breast cancer patients was thoroughly analyzed to develop a comprehensive definition that may serve as a foundation for incorporating the concept into nursing practice. The following pape r contains a literature review, a detailed concept analysis, discussion of the relevance of analysis to nursing and its practice, and potential next steps to improve patient satisfaction measures. Review of the Literature A literature search was performed using several databases in order to compile and access a wide range of scientific and scholarly articles, including original research, nursing literature, and those outside of nursing literature. The initial results included a vast spectrum of recent literature covering numerous experimental studies and evaluations of previous literature. The databases for the literature search included PubMed, CINAHL, and ProQuest Nursing and Allied Health Source. Initially, the key term used for each database was â€Å"satisfaction†, but due to the high number of results that were found, the terms â€Å"patient† and â€Å"breast cancer† were also used. The initial search results for PubMed, CINAHL, and ProQuest returned 111,622, 31,672, and 44,081 citations respectively, which included full text

Modern Historical Debate Surrounding The Anglo-American

Modern historical debate surrounding the Anglo-American Atlantic slave trade stems directly from the publication of Eric Williams’ transformative Capitalism and Slavery in 1944. Dismantling with fierce efficacy the long-dominant interpretation of abolition as a function of humanitarian enlightenment, Williams’ thesis instead contends that after providing the material foundation and trade infrastructure for Europe’s industrial revolution, slavery had fulfilled its purpose and was thus replaced by capitalism as an economic modality. Though radical for its time and considered insufficiently empirical for ours, this analysis of emancipation’s conceptual underpinnings has served as the touchstone for successive scholarly works on the†¦show more content†¦From this foundation, with the hope of effectively communicating these contrasting perspectives in a manner that portrays the macroeconomic consequences of slavery in the British Atlantic, it will fi rst provide a brief synopsis of the trade’s recognized origins, and then analyze in turn the profitability of trade connected to slavery, changes to labor forces, the role of social pressure, and finally the relationship between slavery and capitalism. As Eric Williams directly establishes in Capitalism and Slavery, â€Å"unfree labor in the New World was brown, white, black, and yellow; Catholic, Protestant, and pagan† . Stimulated by an abundance of cheap land and a dearth of workers, the origin and initial expansion of African slavery in New World plantation economies was not a racially motivated circumstance, but rather an economic phenomenon. Native and European populations in the 16th and 17th centuries were simply not capable of meeting the accumulative labor demands of sugar, tobacco, and cotton plantations, and from a production standpoint, the cost of cultivating these particular crops was appreciably reduced on larger-scale enterprises – the profitsShow MoreRelatedEssay on American Music at the Turn of the 20th Century2103 Words   |  9 PagesTo understand whether an ‘American’ music emerged out of traditions in the turn of the 20th century, we need to focus on the term ‘Americanâ₠¬â„¢ and what musical genres fall under that category. For one, America, in a cultural sense, is seen as one huge ‘melting pot’, an amalgamation of cultures, ethnic traditions, beliefs and styles of music. 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Lesson plan Free Essays

Comparison/Contrast Is used to show similarities and differences. It uses examples and comparing. It Is Important to organize your thoughts and information before you do so. We will write a custom essay sample on Lesson plan or any similar topic only for you Order Now Your topic sentence how they are alike and how they are different. Your concluding sentence/ or the clincher is a sentences that summarizes your thoughts. The ability to compare and contrast information can help a student in many areas of his/her life. Students need to compare and contrast products that they purchase, so they get the most for their money. They also need to compare and contrast information from various sources when making decisions about their lifestyles, diet, nutrition, etc. Key questions: What two things are being compared? How are they similar? How are they different? If you compare two things you tell how they are alike. If you contrast two things you tell how they are different. If you compare and contrast two things you tell how they are alike and how they are different. A sentence begins with a capital letter and ends with the correct punctuation. An adjective describes a person place or thing. The topic sentence of a paragraph states the main idea and attracts the reader’s interest. A complete sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought (and has a subject and a verb). Capital letters are used at the beginning of each sentence and for proper nouns. A period is used at the end of a statement or command. A question mark is used at the end of a question. (Must be related to the topic): Teacher will begin by holding up various objects and asking students to compare them. For example, teacher will hold up a male and a female shoe; two books that are different size and two different types of food. Student’s response will be written on he board. Teacher will ask students to predict today’s topic. Teacher will inform students that in today’s class we will be writing a compare and contrast paragraph. (The How and What- The Body of the Lesson) Methods and Techniques Students’ Activities Adaptations for Exceptional Learners Using a chart, discuss the terms compare and contrast. Students will read the definition from the chart then discuss things that they have Show a picture of a dog and a cat. Using a Venn diagram (overhead transparency) to Compare (same) and the Contrast (different) a cat to a dog. Students will work along with teacher to brainstorm the animal’s similarities and dissimilarities. A picture of a cat and a dog will be shown to support struggling readers. Teacher will model how to write a compare and contrast paragraph based on information from a Venn diagram. I will write a topic sentence, 2 sentences that compare, 2 sentences that contrast, and a concluding sentence. Students will work along with teacher then read the paragraph aloud. After sharing the Comparison and Contrast Guide, explain to students that they are going to compare and contrast items in cooperative groups. In cooperative groups, each student will be given a Venn diagram. Then give each group an assortment of items (only two each). Explain to students that they will now list all of the characteristics that are the same about the items and all of the characteristics that are different. Using a Venn diagram, students will compare and contrast using an assortment of items in small groups. Peer tutoring: Allow struggling reader to work with a student is reading at grade level to help with pronunciation and word fluency. Direct students to write a paragraph comparing and contrasting the two foods using heir information from the Venn diagram that was discussed in the groups. Remind students to use indention, capital letters, complete sentences and topic sentence, supporting details and clincher. Individual assignment: students will write a paragraph comparing and contrasting the two foods using their Venn diagram. Students will write paragraph with correct punctuation marks, indention, capital letters, complete sentences and topic sentence Give direct instruction after giving whole group instructions, work individually with each struggling readers. How to cite Lesson plan, Papers Lesson Plan Free Essays SEMI-DETAILED LESSON PLAN IN ENGLISH 1 I. OBJECTIVES; At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to; a. Define coordinating conjunctions b. We will write a custom essay sample on Lesson Plan or any similar topic only for you Order Now Give examples of coordinating conjunctions c. Use coordinating conjunctions in a sentence II. SUBJECT MATTER Topic Coordinating conjunctions Reference Grade 7 learning Package Materials chalkboard III. PROCEDURE A. MOTIVATION I am pretty sure that you have already discussed coordinating conjunctions in your elementary days and this is just a review about coordinating conjunctions. B. PRESENTATION Present the topic about coordinating conjunctions. C. Discussion a. Ask students what are coordinating conjunctions b. Allow students to give examples of coordinating conjunctions c. Allow students to use the examples of coordinating conjunction in a sentence. D. GENERALIZATION E. APPLICATION Ask students to match the sentence in column A with column B to form meaningful sentences. Use and, or, but, and for in coordinating the sentences. COLUMN A COLUMN B 1. Monkeys can be angry anywhere a. they peel it first. from just a few centimeters tall. b. they use them to communicate. . Monkeys never it a banana as it is. c. some pieces can grow more than a 3. When the monkey yawns it is tired. meter tall. 4. Monkey makes different voices, d. it is angry at something. facial expressions and body movements. IV. EVALUATION Allow students to supply the blanks with and, or and but to complete its thought. â€Å"Animals In Mythology† (an adaptation) page 53 V. ASSIGNMENT; Make a composition with the use of conjunctions. You can make your own titles. DETAILE D LESSON PLAN IN ENGLISH 1 I. OBJECTIVES At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to; . Differentiate active voice from passive voice b. Identify the voice of verbs in the sentence c. Change the sentences from passive to active voice d. Appreciate the lessons by showing active participation of students towards the lesson. II. SUBJECT MATTER Topic verb (active voice and passive voice) Materials cartolina (strips of cartolina) Reference internet souces III. PROCEDURE TEACHER’S ACTIVITY STUDENTS’ ACTIVITY A. MOTIVATION Class I want you to listen to a short scenario â€Å"John saw a pretty girl. He went to talk to her. His wife arrived. The wife hit john right on the nose 1. What did the wife do? (active voice is used in answering) (answers may vary) 2. What happened to John? (Passive voice is used in answering) (answers may vary) B. PRESENTATION VOICE is the quality of verb That shows wether the subject is the doer of the action or the receiver of thE action. C. DISCUSSION Active voice- is used to indicate That the subject of the sentence is the doer of the action. Passive voice- is created when the subject is the receiver of the action (the teacher gives sets of example about ctive and passive voice) D. APPLICATION Change the sentence below to the active voice 1. The bridge was built by the engineers. 2. The patient was examined by the doctors. 3. The decision was made by my boss. 4. The shell was collected by James. 5. Ninoy Aquino was admired by many people. IV. EVALUATION Identify the voice of the verb in the sentence. ___________1. Raul presented an interesting report ___________2. Baseball was played by Jose ph. ___________3. Martin removed the old paint. ___________4. The national congress was approved. ___________5. She cooked the breakfast. ___________6. She submitted the a How to cite Lesson Plan, Papers Lesson Plan Free Essays Semi-detailed lesson plan (science) I. Identify the parts of the circulatory system and describe them. â€Å"Appreciate the importance of the circulatory system. We will write a custom essay sample on Lesson Plan or any similar topic only for you Order Now † II. A. Topic I. People Sub. -topic: Circulatory System PELC 1. 1, page 5 References: Into the Future VI, pp. 2-3 Exploring Science and Health VI, pp. 18-20 B. Science Ideas The circulatory system is made up of heart, blood and blood vessels. C. Processes: Identifying, Describing D. Materials: picture of the circulatory system, flashcards, charts III. A. 1. Science report by the pupils . Drill on Science concepts and ideas learned about the body system. 3. What body system continues the work done by the digestive system? B. 1. Prepation What happens with the food nutrients in the small in testine? How does it reach the different body cells? 2. Presentation of the activity Study the drawing of the circulatory systemand note down its main parts. Describe each part. 3. Discussion What organs make up the circulatory system? What can you say about the heart? What is known as the red river of life? Where does blood pass thru? . Concept Formation The circulatory system is composed o f heart, blood and blood vessels. 5. Application Name the main parts of the circulatory system. IV. Formative Test Identify the different parts of the circulatory system. V. Assignment Answer the following questions. 1. What are the parts of the heart? 2. What are the function of each part? Brief lesson plan Outline of Lesson Plan Day 1 Focus: Listening and Speaking Class : Year 1 Time: 8. 40-9. 40 a. m. Theme: World of Knowledge Topic: How Many? Content Standard(s): 1. By the end of the 6-year primary schooling pupils will be able topronounce words and speak confidently with the correct stress, rhythmand intonation. Learning standard(s): 1. 1. 3 Able to listen to, say aloud and recite rhymes or sing songswith guidance. Objective(s): By the end of the lesson, pupils should be able to: a. enjoy singing the song. b. count number one until five correctly. Activities : Induction 1. Teacher shows a picture card of a cat. 2. Teacher asks Yes/ No questions. 3. Teacher introduces the /k/ so und as in the c-a-t initial sound position. Content 4. Teacher shows finger puppets. 5. Pupils count the amount of the finger puppets on the teacher’s fingers. 6. The teachersings a songwhere the pupils listen carefully then they follow the teacher tosing the song aloud with action. Closure 7. Teacher shows up the picture card again and asks simple questions about the cat. e. g. How many legs has the cat? How many ears has the cat? How many nose has the cat? Teaching and Learning Strategies: Musical Added value : Entrepreneur Cross curricular element(s): Mathematics Teaching Aid(s): Picture cards and finger puppets Assessment: Band 2 Reflection: Objectives: A. Identify the main idea or concept in the poem entitled â€Å"The Little Rain†. B. Discuss the poem by sharing the reactions of the students in the class. C. Give full understanding to the importance of rain in our life. II. Subject Matter: A. Topic: â€Å"The Little Rain† by Tu Fu B. References: English Expressway, Dr. Virginia Bermudez et. al, p 176 C. Materials: video presentation, chalkboard, chalk, manila paper. III. Procedure: A. Motivation The teacher will group the class into 3 groups. Then she will show a video presentation entitled â€Å"raindrops†. After that, the students will discuss to their groups the meaning or their own understanding to the video, then the leader will present their output infront of the class. B. Presentation The teacher will ask the students what they did. After which, he will present their lesson to the class. C. Discussion 1. Vocabulary building 2. The teacher will read the poem first written in the manila paper. Next reading will be the students. 3. Ask the students the contributions or advantages of rain which are shown on the poem. . The students will interpret each lines of the poem and extract the message of it as well. Then, the teacher will supplement their answers after, D. Generalization The teacher will ask the students what are the lessons they learned for the day. E. Application The students will be called and relate their memorable experiences about the rain. IV. Evaluation Students will draw one of the many contribu tions or advantages of rain which is shown in the poem. V. Agreement Make a composition regarding the video they watched. How to cite Lesson Plan, Essay examples Lesson Plan Free Essays |Lesson Plan | |Week: 3 |Date: 18/11/2011 |Number of pupils: 7 – 9 |Duration (mins): 30 mins |NC ref Level/Syllabus: | |Class: Year 3/4 |Period: Semester 1 |Ability level: Mixed |Title of unit of work: Dance | | |Resources: Assembly Hall |Health and Safety Issues: All pupils have there shoes off to minimise injury, pupils aren’t eating/chewing, pupils | | |are warmed up and playing surface is clear and safe. | |Learning Outcomes: For the first group our learning objective was to introduce the concept of our planned performance at the end of the 5 weeks. For the second group our learning objective was different as we were recapping on | |what they had learned in the previous to weeks while still introducing the next stage in our plan. We will write a custom essay sample on Lesson Plan or any similar topic only for you Order Now |Response to previous assessment of pupils’ work in planning this lesson: |Skills Framework Focus: | |Refer to your previous evaluations, discussions with pupils and reflect / identify significant factors which will impact on your| | |planning. | | |Lesson Structure | |Time |Activity Sequence |Organisation |Teaching and learning |Points to Remember |Assessment Focus | | | | |Methods | | | | Warm-Up/Introduction (Expectations and sharing learning outcomes) | | | | | | | | | | | | |5 Minutes | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Development | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |20 | | | | | |Minutes | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Warm Down / Conclusion | | | | | |5 | | | | | | |Minutes | | | | | | |Contingency Activity (what if? ): |Homework: | |We have a separate session ready as a back up, all games are adjustable for alterations in group numbers and ages, all accessible for all abilities |Think of ideas for next week | ———————– ? Simon Says ? Stuck in the mud ? Musical Statues We organised each session in groups but delivered it in singles. For our skilled base activity we had the group working in pairs and three’s Set clear boundaries around the hall to restrict collisions with other groups The teaching methods we used for our session were as follows- Command Problem solving Practise Inclusion Learner Initiated Guided Discovery . We were aiming for the learners to practise these techniques through are specific teaching methods. While we used command and practise to get the lesson objective across we also used learner initiative and guided discovery to enhance there learning potential We made sure safety was insured by having group members monitor the edge of our area For those learners which found the task to hard we had individual teachers give points to each personal learner We asked for feedback from each learner to ensure they understood what they where being taught We had the children demonstrate the thing they learnt most from the session Identify the LO which you will be best able to assess in each section of the lesson along with the type of strategy you will mainly use to collect evidence of achievement eg: Question and Answer Observation Pupil response Pupil planning Pupil evaluation Video/IT evidence When identifying activities, progressions and differentiation consider: ? This week we move our day along to what we do after the school bell has finished, for example going to the park,walking the dog ? With the help of the group we would be coming up with ideas of what we would do, then put actions to these ideas in a sequence to music ? We will be doing this by having the group working in pairs and groups of three and also as one big group ? We also did a recap of the previous two sessions to remind the year 4 kids of what we have done ? With the year 3 children we will be getting them use to the concept of my day by starting with the morning and taking it from there To reduce the energy levels of the children we played a few games to get the learners to cool down and bring a end to the lesson. We did this by playing a game called rollercoaster where u pretend to be on a rollercoaster How to cite Lesson Plan, Essay examples Lesson Plan Free Essays Liberty University’s Standard Lesson Plan ** TEACH IT, PRACTICE IT, TEST IT! ** Lesson Plan #1: Module 2 Teacher Candidate: A Super Smart Student |Course: Reading and Language Acquisition | |LESSON PREPARATION [before the lesson] | |Topic: Phonemic Awareness |Concept: Sound of letter B | |Subject: Reading |Grade: Kindergarten | |Primary Objective | |Each group of three students will correctly identify pictures beginning with the â€Å"B† sound in various magazines. Students will cut out | |pictures and glue them to construction paper. Given one magazine per group of three students, each group will demonstrate knowledge of the | |sound of letter â€Å"B† by correctly selecting and gluing four out of five pictures beginning with letter â€Å"B† to their construction paper. We will write a custom essay sample on Lesson Plan or any similar topic only for you Order Now | |Classroom Diversity and Differentiated Instruction | |Students will be placed in groups of three children with varying academic levels, socioeconomic status, and ethnicity to promote an | |appreciation and respect for students of differing cultures and academic achievement. This grouping will also accommodate students with | |various learning disabilities. |Materials/Equipment | |For this activity old magazines, scissors, glue, construction paper, projector, laptop, Letter â€Å"B† book, and teacher created pre-assessment, | |and summative assessment will be used to enhance the student’s understanding of phonemic awareness with a focus on letter B. | | | |(2003). B is for Ben. Carson, CA: Lakeshore Learning Materials. | |Fitzpatrick, J. (1997). Phonemic Awareness. Cypress, CA: Creative Teaching Press Inc. | |Technology Integration | |Students will practice phonemic awareness in a group activity using the website: | |http://teacher. scholatic. com/clifford1/flas h/phonics/index. tm | |Students will be shown a picture of an object. Given a group of different pictures, students will attempt to identify all of the other | |pictures in the group that begin with the same sound as the initial object. | |LESSON PRESENTATION [during the lesson] The following steps are designed to prepare students to be successful in the summative evaluation at | |the end of the lesson. | |Set | |Students will be introduced to the phonemic awareness of letter B through reading the story B is for Ben. | |Students will listen for the â€Å"B† sound as the story is read. |Teacher Instruction | |Students will learn to correctly identify pictures beginning with the sound of letter B. | |Teacher Modeling | |Teacher demonstrates the sound of letter B by enunciating the â€Å"B† sound in words with corresponding pictures. Teacher demonstrates by holding | |up picture cards beginning with the â€Å"B† sound and stating the name of the pictures. Student s will then repeat the word. | |Children’s Literature Selection | |B is for Ben will be read aloud to students. Teacher will discuss the qualities of Ben followed by a discussion of how God makes each person | |special and unique. This will be incorporated with the verse found in Psalms 139:14, â€Å"I will praise thee; for I am fearfully and wonderfully | |made; marvelous are thy works; and that my soul knoweth right well. † | |Guided Student Practice | |Students will participate in a sound match game from the scholastic website. Children will select from a group of pictures that have the same | |beginning sound as the given picture. | |Independent Student Practice | |Students will be divided into groups of three students. Given various old magazines, scissors, glue, and construction paper, each group will | |search through the magazines and cut out pictures beginning with the â€Å"B† sound. Students will glue the pictures to their construction paper. |Closure | |Students will review the â€Å"B† sound with the teacher. Each group will name the pictures that they cut out while the other groups of students | |decipher if the pictures named are correct. Teacher will direct students to car efully sound out each picture name and enunciate the â€Å"B† sound. | |Summative Assessment | |Students will receive a teacher-created assessment sheet containing various pictures. Students will demonstrate mastery of this lesson by | |correctly identifying the pictures containing the beginning â€Å"B† sound. | How to cite Lesson Plan, Papers Lesson Plan Free Essays University of Technology, Jamaica Theory Lesson Plan School: Subject: Technical Drawing Name of Student Teacher: Damion Sterling and Anje Walker Supervising Teacher: Mr. Richard Samuels Date: March 14, 2013 Time: 10:00am Grade/Level: 10 No. of Students: 20 Duration of Lesson: 30 Minutes Unit Title: Surface Developments Topic of Lesson: Surfaced developments of right geometric solid. We will write a custom essay sample on Lesson Plan or any similar topic only for you Order Now Teaching Strategy: Discussion, Explanation, Questioning. General Objectives: Students should: 1. 0 be knowledgeable of the different types of geometric solids. 2. understand the different methods and procedure when designing surface development. 3. 0 be able to construct various types of section right geometric solids. Specific Objectives: At the end of the lesson students should be able to: 1. 1 identify the different geometric solids 1. 2 explain the various geometric solids 1. 3 define what is surface development 2. 1 list the different methods and procedure when drawing surface developments. 3. 1 construct a prism with a base of 40mm and height 75mm given the steps and procedures from the handouts. . 2 construct a cone with a diameter of 70mm and height 85mm given the steps and procedures from the handouts. Instructional Materials/Teaching Aids/Equipment: 1. Dry eraser, markers 2. Handouts (showing the steps and procedure when producing surface development. ) 3. Reference Materi als: Required: Technical Drawing for G. C. E C. S. E. C, J. N Green Previous Knowledge: Introduction: The class will begin with the teacher stating the definition of surface developments and the various types of geometric solids. The teacher will then facilitate a discussion about the surface developments (based on the information on the handout) and then students will be placed into groups of 5 assigning each group a type of geometric solid used when constructing a surface development. The teacher will also try to demonstrate at least two of the geometric solids in constructing a surface development. Development of Lesson| Key Points| Development or Instructional Content| Activities| Time (MIN)| | | Teacher| learners| | * Definition| A development gives the shape and plane area of the material which enables the cost to be estimated. Development should be such as to allow the minimum waste of material when the shape is cut out. | The teacher will asked student what is development. Teacher listen and then give a formal definition. | Students will give their definition. Students will the definition in their note book. | Five (5)| Application: Summary Concluding Activities Reflections: a) Were my objectives met? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ) How did I perform as the teacher? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ c) How did the students perform? ________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________ _____________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ How did I manage the class? ) ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ e) What will I do in the next lesson based on answers I have given to a-d? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ How to cite Lesson Plan, Papers

Iraq Persuasive Essay Example For Students

Iraq Persuasive Essay IraqThe country of Iraq has weathered many hardships over the past few decades. An eight-year war over territory with Iran began in 1980. Soon after, in 1990, Iraq invaded the country of Kuwait, which led to the Gulf War. Then, after twelve years of not complying with the UN Security Council over weapons of mass destruction, Iraq was invaded by the United States in March of 2003. A consequence of Iraqs rocky past is an unstable government. Several countries, including the U.S. are currently providing aid to help the rebuilding effort. Some efforts include strengthening school, healthcare, and law enforcement systems with education and reconstruction. Recent government changes for Iraq include a new flag and new currency. The new flag has a blue crescent moon in the center and is white with one yellow and two blue strips at the bottom. The new currency is called the New Iraqi Dinar, and it features many new safety features to prevent counterfeiting. There is also currently an interim (temporary) government in Iraq. Elections by the Iraqi people will hopefully occur on the 30th of January this year. If the elections proceed as planned, Iraq will be one step closer to having an independent government. Though Iraq is in a time of crisis, it is truly an interesting and beautiful country. At twice the size of Idaho, it is the home to about 25,374,691 Iraqis. The primary religion in Iraq is Muslim. Almost 97% of Iraqis are practicing Muslims. There are also many languages spoken by the people of Iraq. The four languages that are mainly used in the country are Arabic, Kurdish, Assyrian, and Armenian. These languages are most commonly found in the Middle East, where Iraq is located. Unfortunately, Iraq can only be visited for emergencies or press at this time. This is mainly because of terrorist attacks in protest of the invaders who ended Saddam Hussein, the former dictator of Iraqs, regime. When and if things clear up for the country of Iraq, many people will enjoy visiting the attractions of Iraq and its capital, Baghdad. The city of Baghdad is home to many cultural and historical sites. There are beautiful monuments, restaurants, and mosques. Sadly, many of Baghdads museums have been looted and destroyed in the past few years. Fortunately, they are in the process of being rebuilt and restored. In time, Baghdad will be a wonderful place to visit. Another historical location in Iraq is the valley between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. It was the scenic and fertile location of ancient Mesopotamia, the worlds first known civilization. One amazing historical landmark is the Dur Kurigalzu, an ancient temple from the 14th century B.C. Another place of great history is the ruins of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. In its time, it was one of the Seven Wonders of the World. Its also quite a wonder how Iraq has such a varied climate. The climate ranges from desert to mountainous. Weather in Iraq is normally mild in the winter, with very hot and dry summers. Often, in the spring, snow from the northern mountains melts and floods central and southern Iraq. If flooding occurs, it delays many forms of transportation. Iraq has many methods of transport. There is 45,550 total kilometers of road in the country, and 111 airports. Counting the main rivers, there is about 5,275 kilometers of waterways. There are thousands of kilometers of pipelines, and also almost 2,000 kilometers of railroad. Along with the population, these numbers are only expected to increase. Right now in Iraq, for every 33 births, there are only 5 deaths. The population density is up to 55 people per square kilometer and growing. .u9a160fa2a92f8c047f3a13e1fed20c80 , .u9a160fa2a92f8c047f3a13e1fed20c80 .postImageUrl , .u9a160fa2a92f8c047f3a13e1fed20c80 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9a160fa2a92f8c047f3a13e1fed20c80 , .u9a160fa2a92f8c047f3a13e1fed20c80:hover , .u9a160fa2a92f8c047f3a13e1fed20c80:visited , .u9a160fa2a92f8c047f3a13e1fed20c80:active { border:0!important; } .u9a160fa2a92f8c047f3a13e1fed20c80 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9a160fa2a92f8c047f3a13e1fed20c80 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9a160fa2a92f8c047f3a13e1fed20c80:active , .u9a160fa2a92f8c047f3a13e1fed20c80:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9a160fa2a92f8c047f3a13e1fed20c80 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9a160fa2a92f8c047f3a13e1fed20c80 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9a160fa2a92f8c047f3a13e1fed20c80 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9a160fa2a92f8c047f3a13e1fed20c80 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9a160fa2a92f8c047f3a13e1fed20c80:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9a160fa2a92f8c047f3a13e1fed20c80 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9a160fa2a92f8c047f3a13e1fed20c80 .u9a160fa2a92f8c047f3a13e1fed20c80-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9a160fa2a92f8c047f3a13e1fed20c80:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Mexican War EssayThe country of Iraq has improved and grown very quickly recently. It appears that even with the brutal history and harsh government the Iraqi people have endured, they have come great strides in rebuilding their unique country. Someday, with continued aid and persistence, Iraq may reach its potential of a stable and peaceful nation.

13 Engaging Ways to Begin an Essay

13 Engaging Ways to Begin an Essay An effective introductory paragraph both informs and motivates. It lets readers know what your essay is about and it encourages them to keep reading. There are countless ways to begin an essay effectively. As a start, here are 13 introductory strategies accompanied by examples from a wide range of professional writers. Introductory Strategies State your thesis briefly and directly (but avoid making a bald announcement, such as This essay is about . . .). It is time, at last, to speak the truth about Thanksgiving, and the truth is this. Thanksgiving is really not such a terrific holiday. . . . (Michael J. Arlen, Ode to Thanksgiving. The Camera Age: Essays on Television. Penguin, 1982)Pose a question related to your subject and then answer it (or invite your readers to answer it). What is the charm of necklaces? Why would anyone put something extra around their neck and then invest it with special significance? A necklace doesnt afford warmth in cold weather, like a scarf, or protection in combat, like chain mail; it only decorates. We might say, it borrows meaning from what it surrounds and sets off, the head with its supremely important material contents, and the face, that register of the soul. When photographers discuss the way in which a photograph reduces the reality it represents, they mention not only the passage fr om three dimensions to two, but also the selection of a point de vue that favors the top of the body rather than the bottom, and the front rather than the back. The face is the jewel in the crown of the body, and so we give it a setting. (Emily R. Grosholz, On Necklaces. Prairie Schooner, Summer 2007) State an interesting fact about your subject. The peregrine falcon was brought back from the brink of extinction by a ban on DDT, but also by a peregrine falcon mating hat invented by an ornithologist at Cornell University. If you cannot buy this, Google it. Female falcons had grown dangerously scarce. A few wistful males nevertheless maintained a sort of sexual loitering ground. The hat was imagined, constructed, and then forthrightly worn by the ornithologist as he patrolled this loitering ground, singing, Chee-up! Chee-up! and bowing like an overpolite Japanese Buddhist trying to tell somebody goodbye. . . . (David James Duncan, Cherish This Ecstasy. The Sun, July 2008)Present your thesis as a recent discovery or revelation. Ive finally figured out the difference between neat people and sloppy people. The distinction is, as always, moral. Neat people are lazier and meaner than sloppy people. (Suzanne Britt Jordan, Neat People vs. Sloppy People. Show and Tell. Morning Owl Press, 19 83) Briefly describe the place that serves as the primary setting of your essay. It was in Burma, a sodden morning of the rains. A sickly light, like yellow tinfoil, was slanting over the high walls into the jail yard. We were waiting outside the condemned cells, a row of sheds fronted with double bars, like small animal cages. Each cell measured about ten feet by ten and was quite bare within except for a plank bed and a pot of drinking water. In some of them brown silent men were squatting at the inner bars, with their blankets draped round them. These were the condemned men, due to be hanged within the next week or two. (George Orwell, A Hanging, 1931)Recount an incident that dramatizes your subject. One October afternoon three years ago while I was visiting my parents, my mother made a request I dreaded and longed to fulfill. She had just poured me a cup of Earl Grey from her Japanese iron teapot, shaped like a little pumpkin; outside, two cardinals splashed in the birdbath in the we ak Connecticut sunlight. Her white hair was gathered at the nape of her neck, and her voice was low. â€Å"Please help me get Jeff’s pacemaker turned off,† she said, using my father’s first name. I nodded, and my heart knocked. (Katy Butler, What Broke My Fathers Heart. The New York Times Magazine, June 18, 2010) Use the narrative strategy of delay: put off identifying your subject just long enough to pique your readers interest without frustrating them. They woof. Though I have photographed them before, I have never heard them speak, for they are mostly silent birds. Lacking a syrinx, the avian equivalent of the human larynx, they are incapable of song. According to field guides the only sounds they make are grunts and hisses, though the Hawk Conservancy in the United Kingdom reports that adults may utter a croaking coo and that young black vultures, when annoyed, emit a kind of immature snarl. . . . (Lee Zacharias, Buzzards. Southern Humanities Review, 2007)Using the historical present tense, relate an incident from the past as if it were happening now. Ben and I are sitting side by side in the very back of his mother’s station wagon. We face glowing white headlights of cars following us, our sneakers pressed against the back hatch door. This is our joyhis and mineto sit turned away from our moms and dads in this place that feels like a secret, as though they are not even in the car with us. They have just taken us out to dinner, and now we are driving home. Years from this evening, I won’t actually be sure that this boy sitting beside me is named Ben. But that doesn’t matter tonight. What I know for certain right now is that I love him, and I need to tell him this fact before we return to our separate houses, next door to each other. We are both five. (Ryan Van Meter, First. The Gettysburg Review, Winter 2008) Briefly describe a process that leads into your subject. I like to take my time when I pronounce someone dead. The bare-minimum requirement is one minute with a stethoscope pressed to someone’s chest, listening for a sound that is not there; with my fingers bearing down on the side of someone’s neck, feeling for an absent pulse; with a flashlight beamed into someone’s fixed and dilated pupils, waiting for the constriction that will not come. If I’m in a hurry, I can do all of these in sixty seconds, but when I have the time, I like to take a minute with each task. (Jane Churchon, The Dead Book. The Sun, February 2009)Reveal a secret about yourself or make a candid observation about your subject. I spy on my patients. Ought not a doctor to observe his patients by any means and from any stance, that he might the more fully assemble evidence? So I stand in doorways of hospital rooms and gaze. Oh, it is not all that furtive an act. Those in bed need only look up to discover me. But they never do. (Richard Selzer, The Discus Thrower. Confessions of a Knife. Simon Schuster, 1979) Open with a riddle, joke, or humorous quotation, and show how it reveals something about your subject. Q: What did Eve say to Adam on being expelled from the Garden of Eden? A: I think were in a time of transition. The irony of this joke is not lost as we begin a new century and anxieties about social change seem rife. The implication of this message, covering the first of many periods of transition, is that change is normal; there is, in fact, no era or society in which change is not a permanent feature of the social landscape. . . . (Betty G. Farrell, Family: The Making of an Idea, an Institution, and a Controversy in American Culture. Westview Press, 1999)Offer a contrast between past and present that leads to your thesis. As a child, I was made to look out the window of a moving car and appreciate the beautiful scenery, with the result that now I dont care much for nature. I prefer parks, ones with radios going chuckawaka chuckawaka and the delicious whiff of bratwurst and cigare tte smoke. (Garrison Keillor, Walking Down The Canyon. Time, July 31, 2000) Offer a contrast between image and reality- that is, between a common misconception and the opposing truth. They aren’t what most people think they are. Human eyes, touted as ethereal objects by poets and novelists throughout history, are nothing more than white spheres, somewhat larger than your average marble, covered by a leather-like tissue known as sclera and filled with nature’s facsimile of Jell-O. Your beloved’s eyes may pierce your heart, but in all likelihood they closely resemble the eyes of every other person on the planet. At least I hope they do, for otherwise he or she suffers from severe myopia (near-sightedness), hyperopia (far-sightedness), or worse. . . (John Gamel, The Elegant Eye. Alaska Quarterly Review, 2009)

Iraq and Kuwait essays

Iraq and Kuwait essays In August of 1990 a dispute between Iraq and Kuwait arose over territory possession and oil prices. Iraq argued that Kuwait refused to lower oil prices by refusing to decrease oil production. Iraq has also made claims that Kuwait was historically part of Iraqs land. This dispute ultimately lead to Desert Storm. Desert Storm lasted until February of 1991. The fight ended due to intervention of the US as well as a coalition of over 30 other countries. By then the Iraqi troops had already done serious damage to towns, as well as destroying 742 of Kuwaits 1,080 oil wells, which led to an environmental catastrophe. In addition, they also took thousands of Kuwaiti hostages back to Baghdad .Ten years later 605 hostages are still being held captive as well as tortured. I. Kuwait and Iraqs Geographic History 1.The significance of the location of both countries has been the basis for many disputes between the two countries. Since the smaller country of Kuwait is located within the larger country of Iraq, Iraqs pressure to gain control over Kuwait has steadily increased over the years. 2.Due to the over abundance of oil within Kuwait, it has made the country a high commodity. Because Kuwait is a main source of oil for a majority of the country, control of the territory would mean a boost in the countries economy. 1.The continued imprisonment of Desert Storm POWs, is a violation of human rights as well as the Geneva Code that states that prisoners of war must be released upon the dissolution of the war. Saddam currently denies the allegations of Kuwaiti prisoners being held within his country yet refuses to let inspectors in to investigate the situation. It is believed that Saddam is holding the prisoners as a winning card against Kuwait, in trying to control of the territory. ...

Issues in High Stakes Testing Programs Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Issues in High Stakes Testing Programs - Article Example This issues surround the larger problem, which has to do with whether or not these assessments are appropriate for meeting set standards in a political setting. The purposes of these assessments are to see how schools rank locally, statewide, and nationally, as well as learning and understanding what the standards of students should be. The aforementioned are the types of tests that will be used, and what the tests will be based on and what should be achieved with them. Prior to concerns being voiced, there used to be just one test that was used internationally; after it become clear that not every student or school could meet those standards, multiple tests were created by state. The No Child Left Behind Law allowed this change to come into play. In regards to the motivation and morale of students, the article states that these assessment tests allow students to understand what the level of their knowledge is. This can be considered to be both a positive and a negative thing - the students can realize that they knew a little more than they expected, or that they knew less. The downside is that students may feel frustrated if they do not perform well, which will only negatively alter how they perform in a general sense. They can become discouraged and feel more negative towards themselves, lowering their expectations. One of the biggest controversies surrounding these assessment tests concerns how the tests relate to the curriculum. The students cannot be expected to take an assessment if they have not covered everything within the test. Schools need to stick to the curriculum, so that when it is time for students to take the assessments, they are ready and knowledgeable in what the test contains. A high-stakes test can be defined as a test that shows a student how they are failing. These tests not only show them where their weaknesses and strengths are, but they also allow the student to learn and understand what more there is for

Handscrolls in the Song Dynasty or in Tang dynasty or you can compare Essay

Handscrolls in the Song Dynasty or in Tang dynasty or you can compare - Essay Example Gu lived during the Jin Dynasty (265-240) and is known as a the founder of the classical Chinese painting. The predominant style of painting during the Jin Dynasty was scroll paintings. Gu was from Wuxi family and worked as a government official when still of a young age. Gu was not only a painter but also wrote several poems and essays. He had a chance to travel to many places and he would document his experiences as poems, essays or paintings. He is a very important figure in studying Chinese art history (McCausland, 43). This paper looks at Gu kaizshi works of art and analyses the specific characteristics of these paining as a way of getting insight into the style used by Chinese artist during the Jin dynasty. Nushi Zhen â€Å"Admonitions of the Instructress of the Ladies in the Palace†) This is one of the most documented paintings by Gu. This painting is adopted from Zhag Hua’s moralizing text that details the right behavior that ladies in the Imperial Harlem should show. This scroll is made of direct quotation from the texts which are followed by illustrations in terms of painting. The paintings were made with ink drawn on silk materials. The paintings in this hand scroll are very different from those of the Han dynasty. Unlike the previous paintings the figures in this hand scroll have characterized facial expressions showing emotions (McCausland, 560. This shows a development towards the creation of portraits with the figures showing individual characters and is not general like the previous pictures. An example of this portrayal is seen in scene 10 when a lady approaching the emperor was repulsed by a gesture of his raised arm. Gu uses long even strokes of his brush that show the swirling of the drapery. One can also read the expressions on the two characters involved. An important aspect of Gu painting in this scroll is the strokes. He uses evenly narrow and long strokes without a lot of diversification. This kind of line was named as spr ing-silkworm-spitting-silk line. It was the earliest line style used by Chinese artist and it was not until Tang dynasty where the artists started using more diversified line strokes. Gu was also limited in terms of the colors used to paint the apparel worn by his characters. This is because the color used was only ink either ochre or vermilion ((McCausland & Gu, 356). Gold was used in representing ornamentation in women. Gu paid a lot of attention to details as seen in his work of art and this explains why it was possible to characterize his figures. This was borrowed by other artist and it now possible to tell a person’s character from the manner they are displayed in portraits. Nymph Of Luo River This is another work of art which has contributed to the growth of the modern day Chinese art. This work of art was based on a poem written by Cao Zhi. This art can be seen as a milestone in the transition from figure painting to landscape painting. It is from the Jin dynasty that artists started to recognize the powerful influence of nature as setting was now seen to be an integral part of displaying themes in paintings. The originating is based on the story of the price Cao zhi meeting a nymph by the Luo River. This story is found in a poem written by Cao zhi himself. The nymph was the daughter of a mythical ruler called Fuxi. This is a doomed romance since the gods and human cannot marry as they live in different worlds. This form of art also shows the

Factors Which Lead to Stress in the Workplace

Factors Which Lead to Stress in the Workplace Phones 4 you Case Study Chapter One: Introduction Phones 4u is a large independent mobile phone retailer in the UK. Since opening in 1996, it expanded to 400 stores throughout the United Kingdom. Head office is based in Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffordshire and was until recently part of the The Caudwell Group formed by John Caudwell. In September 2006 the group was sold and Phones 4u is now owned by Providence Equity Partners (Minter, 2003, 18) Stress is the condition that results when person-environment transactions lead the individual to perceive a discrepancy, whether real or not, between the demands of a situation and the resources of the persons biological, psychological or social systems. In medical terms, stress is the disruption of homeostasis through physical or psychological stimuli. Stressful stimuli can be mental, physiological, anatomical or physical reactions. Lost car keys, tardiness, family death, and loss of job, pressure, frustration, and social changes-these are different types of stress, the process by which one appraises and copes with environmental threats and challenges. The events of daily life flow through a psychological filter that helps a person the react in certain ways. Some stress early in life is conducive to later emotional and physical growth. But stresses, or conflicts, can also threaten a persons life as well and health (Amatea, 1991, 48). Behavioral psychologists have determined there is a correlation between stress and the declination on ones behavior. One may increase his usage of alcohol, tobacco, or other drugs to escape his stressful state. Other problems include arguing with friends, neglecting appearance, crying easily, difficulty concentrating, and withdrawing from family and friends. In extreme cases, stress can cause insanity. Emotional changes are also a common effect of stress. Symptoms include anger, anxiety, depression, nervousness, loneliness, and rejection. Changes in emotional state may lead to psychological disorders or even death, if not treated. Suicide is among the leading outcomes of stress-related depression (aspinwall, 1992, 48). Not only does stress effect ones emotional and behavioral states, buy it also plays a large role in ones physical state. Symptoms of stress include, but are not limited to, allergies, back pain, respiratory infections, fatigue, headaches, muscle tension, sleeping problems, and dizziness. British scientist Hans Selye made a basic point of stress. It states that although the human body comes designed to cope with temporary stress, prolonged stress can produce physical deterioration. MRI brain scans of people who have experienced a prolonged amount of stress often show the results of a shrunken hippocampus, the inner brain structure vital to laying down explicit memories. Stress can put people at risk for one of todays four leading causes of serious illness and death: heart disease, cancer, stroke, and chronic lung disease. Such findings were proven true by studies done by cardiologists Meyer Friedman and Ray Rosenman in 1956. Psychophysiological illnesses are stress-related. They are i llnesses, such as high blood pressure, that are caused by high levels of stress. Immune responses may also be effected by stress. They can either speed up or slow down causing a variety of illnesses such as lupus or multiple sclerosis. Stress does not make one sick, but it does restrain ones immune functioning, making him more vulnerable to foreign invaders (Bandura, 1986, 58). Stress in unavoidable. If one can not eliminate stress by changing or ignoring a situation, one must learn to manage it by confronting or escaping the problem. Stress management may include aerobic exercise, relaxation, and social support. Without knowledge of stress and ways to manage it, people are more susceptible of disease and psychological disorders. There are various sources of stress. The very definition of stress is: A mentally or emotionally disruptive or upsetting condition occurring in response to adverse external influences and capable of affecting physical health, usually characterized by increased heart rate, a rise in blood pressure, muscular tension, irritability, and depression. A stimulus or circumstance causing such a condition. In todays world of competition and success, the limits of our threshold are being pushed to succeed. Success is the driving force behind many people pushing their bodies to the limits. A human body needs a delicate balance between work, and relaxation. When this equilibrium is not maintained, problems occur, which might have repercussions later. These repercussions take the forms of Burnouts, break-downs, and sometimes extreme cases of heart attacks. In most cases of the systems breaking down, there are methods of control and mechanisms of improvement of the situation. Stress can be handled very effectively in todays world. Healthy and wholesome living is the new day mantra for better work efficiencies. What causes stress? There are various triggers to stress. Work, personal life and external factors (Banyard, 1993, 45). Work: the pressures of work are one of the greatest factors contributing to the high stress levels today. Long working hours, constant pressures of deadlines, and the inevitable fear of job security pushes people to work very hard. Personal Life: outside the work place, people are always subject to constant pressures from family, friends, and well wishers. Handling these pressures in the most effective way is the tact of the new manager. Family life can cause stress, especially if there is some friction between partners, the ill heath or sudden death of a partner can cause great levels of stress. External factors: personal finances, world events and other non classifiable events also add to stress. Time management or lack of thereof is another cause of external factors of stress. How does one handle stress? There are several ways of fighting stress in ones life. This essay will briefly attempt to touch base with some important methods which can be imbibed in handling stress. 1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Time Management: Time management is one of the greatest methods of combating stress especially in the workplace. Effective time management helps us prioritizing, planning, allocating and executing effective schedules in order to maximize our most valuable resource, time. Once a person has been able to handle time effectively, he or she would be able to handle many tasks which have been allocated (Baruch, 1987, 59). 2)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Health: stress has a great impact on the personal health of the individual. Ageing is speeded up and white hair apparently comes aplenty. Living a healthy life helps in handling stress better. A regular routine, the offshoot of effective time management, allows us time to regularly exercise. Exercise, as many say release endorphins, these help combat stress and depression, a stress induced side effect. Healthy foods, such as greens, and maintaining a balanced diet are some other ways, which when coupled with exercise help us maintain a healthy body. 3)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Non Conventional Methods: going back to the basics is a term that is used very regularly today. When one says going back to the basics, it includes going back to the past. Yoga, pranayama and other methods of controlling the mind, body and soul, have existed in our country for a very long time. This is fast gaining popularity as methods of combating stress. Yoga has immense powers to help us maintain our minds and body in shape. From the above, we can see one of the greatest factors of handling stress is to maintain a healthy mind, body and soul. Prevention is better than cure, preventing stress by having a healthy life style and a healthy mind, is a plus point which has no substitute in todays world. However there is no effective way of handling self induced stress. Calming the mind and regulated breathing can ease the stress, but it will be rendered ineffective if the person is not willing to practice it in the positive way (Bem, 1981, 49). Stress is one of the greatest hindrances to efficient productivity in todays workplace. Production efficiency is the key word today and this does face a serious threat with stress. Combating stress on a war footing is the need of the hour, and some of the above points will assist in effective stress management through a healthy mind , body and soul. Stress is a combination of responses in the body. Stress can be short-term (acute) or chronic. Acute stress is the fight or flight response. If a car is careening toward you at a high rate of speed, you will (or should!) experience acute stress. It is when you experience so many common stressors, such as heavy traffic, noise, money worries, illnesses, relationship problems, rising crime rates, or work frustrations, that stress takes a chronic form. In the short term, stress can be vital. Over time, it turns destructive . How destructive can stress be on your body? Research has shown that prolonged stress can produce actual tissue changes and organ dysfunction. With the new MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) techniques, scientists are able to prove visibly that chronic stress can shrink an area in the brain called the hypothalamus. Read More On This They have found that the brains of war veterans, as well as women who have been victims of childhood sexual abuse, have a marked reduction in the size of their hypothalamus (Betz, 1987, 29). Stress also affects your brain by releasing powerful chemical messengers called neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine (also called adrenaline). The hypothalamic/pituitary-adrenal portion of your brain releases steroid hormones, including the primary stress hormone, cortisol. Cortisol affects systems throughout your body, including an increased heart rate. Your heart, lungs, and circulatory system are influenced by the increased heart rate. Blood flow may increase 300 to 400 percent. Blood pressure increases and breathing becomes rapid. Your mouth and throat may become dry. Skin may become cool and clammy because blood flow is diverted away so it can support the heart and muscle tissues. Even digestive activity shuts down. Once again, occasional stress is normal. Once youve handled the situation, the stress goes away and you heal from the episode. But, if stressors accumulate over time, eventually the body becomes inefficient at handling even the least amount of stress. The brain, heart, lungs, vessels, and muscles become so chronically over or under activated that they become damaged. It is this sort of stress which may trigger or worsen heart disease, strokes, susceptibility to infection, sleep disturbances, sexual and reproductive dysfunction, memory and learning dysfunction, digestive problems, weight problems, diabetes, pain, and skin disorders. Extensive multidisciplinary studies have presented unequivocal evidence that our psychological responses to stress and our perceptions of stress to a considerable extent affect our susceptibility to disease. In active relationship, the immune, neuroendocrine, and nervous systems respond to the brain and psyche. Virtually all illnesses, from the flu to cancer, are influenced for good or bad by our thoughts and feelings. R. Lloyd, 1990 Healing Brain: A Scientific Reader (Betz, 1987, 48) Statement of the Research Problem How do the employees cope with stress in the workplace to achieve a more balanced lifestyle at Phones 4 you ? Stress is a part of everybodys life. Depending on the level of stress, it can control our lives, especially in the workplace. We begin to spend several long hours at work, and thus have less time for other things. Stressed employees may be unhappy and thus produce nominally. Stress can deteriorate social and family relationships and eventually burn you out; ultimately it can take toll on your health. Organizations need to recognize stress as a problem and decide whether or not to act upon it. Background Information This question needs to be answered because stress is a problem that Phones 4 you must deal with; stress can cause poor work performance and lower employee morale. These factors can increase employee turnover rate and lessen quality of life. We all must deal with stress; question is how we handle and control it. With downsizing the buzz word in the modern corporate world, companies have become mean and lean. Employees are compelled to be more efficient Phones 4 you; they find themselves taking on the work of what used to be two. The result is longer hours, less time for outside activities, and consequently increased stress. According to Business Week, the typical British works 47 hours a week, and if current trends continue, in 20 years the average person would be on the job 60 hours a week. Another factor that increases stress is technological advancements. With all the new technology one is always connected to work and accessible 24 hours a day 7 days a week. According to Business Week, it is now possible, and thus increasingly expected, for employees to be accessible and productive any hour, any day (Bollen, 1993, 18). At a workplace, one observes several sales people working long hours, claiming it is due to under staffing. Employees reach a point of diminishing returns. The more hours they work, the less productive they are. This stressful condition causes the quality of work to dwindle. Consequently, clients recognize this, and eventually they terminate the business relationship. Soon the company loses, as it is built on these clients (Moos, 1989, 58). Statement of the Objectives This research expects to discuss factors which lead to stress in the workplace at Phones 4 you. Are individuals stressed in the workplace at Phones 4 you? What causes stress in the workplace Phones 4 you? Who is mostly stressed: men or women? Are individuals being exposed to stress management techniques? Should employers implement stress management techniques? as a future manager, I would like to be able to determine if stress is a problem for employees; if so, implement a strategy to curtail stress in the workplace. By recognizing stress in the workplace, employers can act appropriately to reduce stress. The outcome can benefit social and family relationships, as well as preserve ones health and make us more productive in our organizations (Moos, 1982, 25). Scope The research project will comprise of a sample size of 30 individuals, randomly selected from general business areas. The study will analyze stress factors in the U.K workforce and its impact on the British organization. Effective stress management techniques will then be presented, which will allow individuals or organizations to implement. Secondary information from various sources will be utilized to explore effective methods of coping with stress. The conclusions and recommendations I will draw will be applicable to any British organization with stress as a problem. Although this study will generalize from the small population, it can be used as a starting point to recognizing the problem, as each organization can require a different approach (Parkes, 1986, 36). Limitations The sources utilized in the research will be extracted from current articles (2006-present) from online services, the Internet, and public libraries. A survey will be given to individuals of randomly chosen organizations and will not target any specific company or industry. Due to time constraints, the population will be limited to 30 individuals. The research will explore factors causing stress in the workplace and its impact on organizations. Effective methods of coping with stress will be given, but limited to ones examined in the secondary resources (Portello, 1996, 548). Research Procedures The project will focus on stress factors in the workplace and effective methods to balance a healthy lifestyle. The sample group will consist of 30 individuals randomly selected from general business areas. The survey will be conducted during lunch periods when several employees leave and return to the workplace. The questionnaire will attempt to see if the sample individuals believe stress is a problem and what can be done to resolve it. The questionnaire will be delivered in person and each individual will fill out the survey at that point. Since the survey will be conducted in a general public area, no authorization is needed to administer. Once I receive all the surveys, I will quantify the data into an Excel spreadsheet. I will report the data mostly in percentages (e.g. 70percent of the individuals acknowledge that stress is a problem in the workplace). The data will be utilized to see if stress is a factor impacting the British workforce. Stress management techniques will be presented where appropriate (Browne, 1993, 578). Chapter Two: Literature Review Stress is an adaptive response. It is the bodys reaction to an event that is seen as emotionally disturbing, disquieting, or threatening. When we perceive such an event, we experience what stress researchers call the fight or flight response. To prepare for fighting or fleeing, the body increases its heart rate and blood pressure; more blood is then sent to your heart and muscles, and your respiration rate increases (Carmines, 1981, 48). Stress is both positive and negative. Good stress is a balance of arousal and relaxation that helps you concentrate, focus, and achieve what you want. Bad stress is constant stress and constant arousal that may lead to high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, and worse. The body does not distinguish between negative and positive stress. The same physiological responses can take place whether you are happy or sad about a given situation. When extending to the workplace, stress may lead to poor work performance and end up costing an organizations several thousands of dollars. The organization loses on salary because they are not receiving satisfactory production and if the employee becomes ill, health and workers compensation rates can soar . The organization must decide whether or no to implement a stress management program, since there are several external stressors that can overtake an individual. Internal stressors, within organizations include technology and corporate downsizing which leads to longer hours and job uncertainty. If one does not know how to manage stress, it can get out of control ) (Rock, 1997, 4). Analyzing Stress on Individuals In a 1995 survey of 1,705 respondents it is analyzed that stress rises with level of education and job level and is higher than average for women (Robinson, 1996, 88). Fifty-eight percent of the women respondents possess moderate to a lot of stress in the workplace compared to 53 percent of men. From the divorced individuals, 62 percent are stressed in the workplace compared to married and never married at 57 percent, and 58 percent respectively. The widowed respondents maintain the least stress at 38 percent (Robinson, 1996, 48). College graduate respondents possess more stress at 64 percent than high school graduates at 55 percent. Only 43 percent of the less than high school respondents felt stress in the workplace. Those with more education feel more stress, possibly because their jobs involve greater managerial and financial responsibility (Robinson, 1996, 87). Stress is an epidemic in British life. In nationwide polls, 89 percent of Britishers reported that they often experience high levels of stress, and 59 percent claimed that they feel great stress at least once a week (Hellmich, 1994, 57). A five year study of the British workforce conducted by the Families and Work Institute showed that 30 percent of employees often or very often feel burned out or stressed by their jobs, 27 percent feel emotionally drained from their work, and 42 percent feel used up at the end of the work day (Hellmich, 1994, 4). Balancing work pressures and family responsibilities leaves many workers feeling burned out. Examining the Effects of Downsizing on Stress The downsizing of organizations have caused a stressful environment. Downsizing has created concerns over job security, and has forced employees to take on a larger workload. According to a local union representing U.K. West stated that work still needs to be done, but with fewer people (Scott, 1996, 41). Downsizing creates quantitative and qualitative stress. Quantitative stress pertains to doing the same amount of work with fewer people. Reengineering the organization entails shaping the company to be more efficient with less individuals. These individuals are asked to do a wider variety of work functions they are not trained to do, causing qualitative overload (Scott, 1996, 35). Occupational Stress is the harmful physical and emotional response that occurs when there is a poor match between job demands and the capabilities, resources, or needs of the worker. Stress-related disorders encompass a broad array of conditions, including psychological disorders (e.g., depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder) and other types of emotional strain (e.g., dissatisfaction, fatigue, tension, etc.), maladaptive behaviours (e.g., aggression, substance abuse), and cognitive impairment (e.g., concentration and memory problems). In turn, these conditions may lead to poor work performance or even injury. Job stress is also associated with various biological reactions that may lead ultimately to compromised health, such as cardiovascular disease (Rosenfield, 1989, 5). Prevalence Stress is a prevalent and costly problem in todays workplace. About one-third of workers report high levels of stress. One-fourth of employees view their jobs as the number one stressor in their lives. Three-fourths of employees believe the worker has more on-the-job stress than a generation ago. Evidence also suggests that stress is the major cause of turnover in organizations (Scheier, 1985, 65). Health and Healthcare Utilization Problems at work are more strongly associated with health complaints than are any other life stressor-more so than even financial problems or family problems. Many studies suggest that psychologically demanding jobs that allow employees little control over the work process increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. On the basis of research by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and many other organizations, it is widely believed that job stress increases the risk for development of back and upper-extremity musculoskeletal disorders. High levels of stress are associated with substantial increases in health service utilization. Workers who report experiencing stress at work also show excessive health care utilization. In a 1998 study of 46,000 workers, health care costs were nearly 50% greater for workers reporting high levels of stress in comparison to low risk workers. The increment rose to nearly 150%, an increase of more than $1,700 per person annually, for workers reporting high levels of both stress and depression. Additionally, periods of disability due to job stress tend to be much longer than disability periods for other occupational injuries and illnesses (Schwartz, 1993, 58). Causes of Occupational Stress Job stress results from the interaction of the worker and the conditions of work. Views differ on the importance of worker characteristics versus working conditions as the primary cause of job stress. The differing viewpoints suggest different ways to prevent stress at work. According to one school of thought, differences in individual characteristics such as personality and coping style are most important in predicting whether certain job conditions will result in stress-in other words, what is stressful for one person may not be a problem for someone else. This viewpoint leads to prevention strategies that focus on workers and ways to help them cope with demanding job conditions. Although the importance of individual differences cannot be ignored, scientific evidence suggests that certain working conditions are stressful to most people. Such evidence argues for a greater emphasis on working conditions as the key source of job stress, and for job redesign as a primary prevention str ategy. Personal interview surveys of working conditions, including conditions recognized as risk factors for job stress, were conducted in Member States of the European Union in 1990, 1995, and 2000. Results showed a trend across these periods suggestive of increasing work intensity. In 1990, the percentage of workers reporting that they worked at high speeds at least one-fourth of their working time was 48%, increasing to 54% in 1995 and to 56% in 2000. Similarly, 50% of workers reported they work against tight deadlines at least one-fourth of their working time in 1990, increasing to 56% in 1995 and 60 % in 2000. However, no change was noted in the period 1995–2000 (data not collected in 1990) in the percentage of workers reporting sufficient time to complete tasks. A substantial percentage of Britishers work very long hours. By one estimate, more than 26% of men and more than 11% of women worked 50 hours per week or more in 2000. These figures represent a considerable incr ease over the previous three decades, especially for women. According to the Department of Labour, there has been an upward trend in hours worked among employed women, an increase in extended work weeks (>40 hours) by men, and a considerable increase in combined working hours among working couples, particularly couples with young children (Shaw, 1993, 4). Signs of Occupational Stress Mood and sleep disturbances, upset stomach and headache, and disturbed relationships with family, friend and girl/boy friends are examples of stress-related problems. The effects of job stress on chronic diseases are more difficult to see because chronic diseases take a long time to develop and can be influenced by many factors other than stress. Nonetheless, evidence is rapidly accumulating to suggest that stress plays an important role in several types of chronic health problems-especially cardiovascular disease, musculoskeletal disorders, and psychological disorders (Sherer, 1982, 36). Prevention A combination of organizational change and stress management is often the most useful approach for preventing stress at work. How to Change the Organization to Prevent Job Stress Ensure that the workload is in line with workers capabilities and resources. Design jobs to provide meaning, stimulation, and opportunities for workers to use their skills. Clearly define workers roles and responsibilities. Give workers opportunities to participate in decisions and actions affecting their jobs. Improve communications-reduce uncertainty about career development and future employment prospects. Provide opportunities for social interaction among workers. Establish work schedules that are compatible with demands and responsibilities outside the job. St. Paul Fire and Marine Insurance Company conducted several studies on the effects of stress prevention programs in hospital settings. Program activities included (1) employee and management education on job stress, (2) changes in hospital policies and procedures to reduce organizational sources of stress, and (3) establishment of employee assistance programs. In one study, the frequency of medication errors declined by 50% after prevention activities were implemented in a 700-bed hospital. In a second study, there was a 70% reduction in malpractice claims in 22 hospitals that implemented stress prevention activities. In contrast, there was no reduction in claims in a matched group of 22 hospitals that did not implement stress prevention activities (Smith, 1981, 24). Chapter Three: Research Methodology Design The data reported here are from two separate data sets. In order to cross-validate the model, data from the original study of managerial women were used, and these included data from the first three assessments of a 2-year longitudinal study. In the original article (B. C. Long et al., 1992, 165), a conceptual model of stress and coping was tested and developed that was based on data from the first three assessments (Time 1 to Time 3) of 11 assessments completed over 2 years. Status, Sex Role Attitudes, and Agentic Traits were assessed at Time 1; Appraisals, Disengagement and Engagement Coping, Work Environment, and Daily Hassles were assessed at Time 2; and Distress and Satisfaction were assessed at Time 3. These data were used as a base to test the validity of the model on a new set of data obtained from clerical workers, data that have not been reported elsewhere (Snapp, 1992, 32). Sampling The managerial women (n = 249) were employed in nontraditional occupations (i.e., fewer than 35% of British employees are women). Their mean age was 38.84 years (SD = 7.68, range = 22–66). More detailed descriptions of the managers characteristics can be found in B. C. Long et al. (1992). The clerical workers who participated were employed in both large and small organizations in the same large western British city in which the managers were employed. The clerical workers volunteered in response to written requests for participants that I circulated in the media and by networking. The notices were directed to full-time female clerical workers and indicated that the purpose of the study was to investigate how clerical workers experienced Occupational Stress. No incentives were offered other than a final summary report. à Ã… ¾f the 284 respondents who made contact by telephone, 273 met the criteria for inclusion (i.e., they were employed in a clerical position, worked more than 20 hours per week, and did not supervise others). à Ã… ¾f the 273 clerical workers who met the criteria and were distributed questionnaires at Time 1, 39 withdrew from the study because of lack of time to participate, 7 no longer met our criteria because of promotion, unemployment, or leave o f absence from work (e.g., due to accident or illness), and 4 moved. The overall dropout rate was 18%. Dropout analyses were conducted on the demographic variables measured at Time 1. No differences were found between the retained (n = 223) and dropout (n = 50) respondents. Chi-square analyses of the demographic variables (marital status, education, number of children, job level, and size of the company) were not significant. Because 9 participants identified a personal rather than a work stressor, their data were omitted from the model testing. All respondents were self-identified clerical workers. Job classifications included clerks (25%), secretaries–stenographers (23%), administrative assistants (34%), and others (18%). The mean age was 39.77 years (SD = 9.46, range = 22–63 years). Fifty-three percent of the clerical workers were married, 22% were single, and 25% were divorced, separated, or widowed. Fifty-three percent were parents. Twenty-four percent had a high school education or less, 42% had special training (e.g., secretarial, clerical), 17% had a college education (2 years postsecondary), and 13% had a university degree. Household incomes ranged from less than $25,000 (British) per year (23.4%) to over $61,000 (British) per year (27.5%). The major industries represented were education (31%), service (35%), utilities and public administration (12%), manufacturing and transportation (10%), and other (8%). On average the women had been in the workforce for 17.02 years (SD = 8.74, Factors Which Lead to Stress in the Workplace Factors Which Lead to Stress in the Workplace Phones 4 you Case Study Chapter One: Introduction Phones 4u is a large independent mobile phone retailer in the UK. Since opening in 1996, it expanded to 400 stores throughout the United Kingdom. Head office is based in Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffordshire and was until recently part of the The Caudwell Group formed by John Caudwell. In September 2006 the group was sold and Phones 4u is now owned by Providence Equity Partners (Minter, 2003, 18) Stress is the condition that results when person-environment transactions lead the individual to perceive a discrepancy, whether real or not, between the demands of a situation and the resources of the persons biological, psychological or social systems. In medical terms, stress is the disruption of homeostasis through physical or psychological stimuli. Stressful stimuli can be mental, physiological, anatomical or physical reactions. Lost car keys, tardiness, family death, and loss of job, pressure, frustration, and social changes-these are different types of stress, the process by which one appraises and copes with environmental threats and challenges. The events of daily life flow through a psychological filter that helps a person the react in certain ways. Some stress early in life is conducive to later emotional and physical growth. But stresses, or conflicts, can also threaten a persons life as well and health (Amatea, 1991, 48). Behavioral psychologists have determined there is a correlation between stress and the declination on ones behavior. One may increase his usage of alcohol, tobacco, or other drugs to escape his stressful state. Other problems include arguing with friends, neglecting appearance, crying easily, difficulty concentrating, and withdrawing from family and friends. In extreme cases, stress can cause insanity. Emotional changes are also a common effect of stress. Symptoms include anger, anxiety, depression, nervousness, loneliness, and rejection. Changes in emotional state may lead to psychological disorders or even death, if not treated. Suicide is among the leading outcomes of stress-related depression (aspinwall, 1992, 48). Not only does stress effect ones emotional and behavioral states, buy it also plays a large role in ones physical state. Symptoms of stress include, but are not limited to, allergies, back pain, respiratory infections, fatigue, headaches, muscle tension, sleeping problems, and dizziness. British scientist Hans Selye made a basic point of stress. It states that although the human body comes designed to cope with temporary stress, prolonged stress can produce physical deterioration. MRI brain scans of people who have experienced a prolonged amount of stress often show the results of a shrunken hippocampus, the inner brain structure vital to laying down explicit memories. Stress can put people at risk for one of todays four leading causes of serious illness and death: heart disease, cancer, stroke, and chronic lung disease. Such findings were proven true by studies done by cardiologists Meyer Friedman and Ray Rosenman in 1956. Psychophysiological illnesses are stress-related. They are i llnesses, such as high blood pressure, that are caused by high levels of stress. Immune responses may also be effected by stress. They can either speed up or slow down causing a variety of illnesses such as lupus or multiple sclerosis. Stress does not make one sick, but it does restrain ones immune functioning, making him more vulnerable to foreign invaders (Bandura, 1986, 58). Stress in unavoidable. If one can not eliminate stress by changing or ignoring a situation, one must learn to manage it by confronting or escaping the problem. Stress management may include aerobic exercise, relaxation, and social support. Without knowledge of stress and ways to manage it, people are more susceptible of disease and psychological disorders. There are various sources of stress. The very definition of stress is: A mentally or emotionally disruptive or upsetting condition occurring in response to adverse external influences and capable of affecting physical health, usually characterized by increased heart rate, a rise in blood pressure, muscular tension, irritability, and depression. A stimulus or circumstance causing such a condition. In todays world of competition and success, the limits of our threshold are being pushed to succeed. Success is the driving force behind many people pushing their bodies to the limits. A human body needs a delicate balance between work, and relaxation. When this equilibrium is not maintained, problems occur, which might have repercussions later. These repercussions take the forms of Burnouts, break-downs, and sometimes extreme cases of heart attacks. In most cases of the systems breaking down, there are methods of control and mechanisms of improvement of the situation. Stress can be handled very effectively in todays world. Healthy and wholesome living is the new day mantra for better work efficiencies. What causes stress? There are various triggers to stress. Work, personal life and external factors (Banyard, 1993, 45). Work: the pressures of work are one of the greatest factors contributing to the high stress levels today. Long working hours, constant pressures of deadlines, and the inevitable fear of job security pushes people to work very hard. Personal Life: outside the work place, people are always subject to constant pressures from family, friends, and well wishers. Handling these pressures in the most effective way is the tact of the new manager. Family life can cause stress, especially if there is some friction between partners, the ill heath or sudden death of a partner can cause great levels of stress. External factors: personal finances, world events and other non classifiable events also add to stress. Time management or lack of thereof is another cause of external factors of stress. How does one handle stress? There are several ways of fighting stress in ones life. This essay will briefly attempt to touch base with some important methods which can be imbibed in handling stress. 1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Time Management: Time management is one of the greatest methods of combating stress especially in the workplace. Effective time management helps us prioritizing, planning, allocating and executing effective schedules in order to maximize our most valuable resource, time. Once a person has been able to handle time effectively, he or she would be able to handle many tasks which have been allocated (Baruch, 1987, 59). 2)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Health: stress has a great impact on the personal health of the individual. Ageing is speeded up and white hair apparently comes aplenty. Living a healthy life helps in handling stress better. A regular routine, the offshoot of effective time management, allows us time to regularly exercise. Exercise, as many say release endorphins, these help combat stress and depression, a stress induced side effect. Healthy foods, such as greens, and maintaining a balanced diet are some other ways, which when coupled with exercise help us maintain a healthy body. 3)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Non Conventional Methods: going back to the basics is a term that is used very regularly today. When one says going back to the basics, it includes going back to the past. Yoga, pranayama and other methods of controlling the mind, body and soul, have existed in our country for a very long time. This is fast gaining popularity as methods of combating stress. Yoga has immense powers to help us maintain our minds and body in shape. From the above, we can see one of the greatest factors of handling stress is to maintain a healthy mind, body and soul. Prevention is better than cure, preventing stress by having a healthy life style and a healthy mind, is a plus point which has no substitute in todays world. However there is no effective way of handling self induced stress. Calming the mind and regulated breathing can ease the stress, but it will be rendered ineffective if the person is not willing to practice it in the positive way (Bem, 1981, 49). Stress is one of the greatest hindrances to efficient productivity in todays workplace. Production efficiency is the key word today and this does face a serious threat with stress. Combating stress on a war footing is the need of the hour, and some of the above points will assist in effective stress management through a healthy mind , body and soul. Stress is a combination of responses in the body. Stress can be short-term (acute) or chronic. Acute stress is the fight or flight response. If a car is careening toward you at a high rate of speed, you will (or should!) experience acute stress. It is when you experience so many common stressors, such as heavy traffic, noise, money worries, illnesses, relationship problems, rising crime rates, or work frustrations, that stress takes a chronic form. In the short term, stress can be vital. Over time, it turns destructive . How destructive can stress be on your body? Research has shown that prolonged stress can produce actual tissue changes and organ dysfunction. With the new MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) techniques, scientists are able to prove visibly that chronic stress can shrink an area in the brain called the hypothalamus. Read More On This They have found that the brains of war veterans, as well as women who have been victims of childhood sexual abuse, have a marked reduction in the size of their hypothalamus (Betz, 1987, 29). Stress also affects your brain by releasing powerful chemical messengers called neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine (also called adrenaline). The hypothalamic/pituitary-adrenal portion of your brain releases steroid hormones, including the primary stress hormone, cortisol. Cortisol affects systems throughout your body, including an increased heart rate. Your heart, lungs, and circulatory system are influenced by the increased heart rate. Blood flow may increase 300 to 400 percent. Blood pressure increases and breathing becomes rapid. Your mouth and throat may become dry. Skin may become cool and clammy because blood flow is diverted away so it can support the heart and muscle tissues. Even digestive activity shuts down. Once again, occasional stress is normal. Once youve handled the situation, the stress goes away and you heal from the episode. But, if stressors accumulate over time, eventually the body becomes inefficient at handling even the least amount of stress. The brain, heart, lungs, vessels, and muscles become so chronically over or under activated that they become damaged. It is this sort of stress which may trigger or worsen heart disease, strokes, susceptibility to infection, sleep disturbances, sexual and reproductive dysfunction, memory and learning dysfunction, digestive problems, weight problems, diabetes, pain, and skin disorders. Extensive multidisciplinary studies have presented unequivocal evidence that our psychological responses to stress and our perceptions of stress to a considerable extent affect our susceptibility to disease. In active relationship, the immune, neuroendocrine, and nervous systems respond to the brain and psyche. Virtually all illnesses, from the flu to cancer, are influenced for good or bad by our thoughts and feelings. R. Lloyd, 1990 Healing Brain: A Scientific Reader (Betz, 1987, 48) Statement of the Research Problem How do the employees cope with stress in the workplace to achieve a more balanced lifestyle at Phones 4 you ? Stress is a part of everybodys life. Depending on the level of stress, it can control our lives, especially in the workplace. We begin to spend several long hours at work, and thus have less time for other things. Stressed employees may be unhappy and thus produce nominally. Stress can deteriorate social and family relationships and eventually burn you out; ultimately it can take toll on your health. Organizations need to recognize stress as a problem and decide whether or not to act upon it. Background Information This question needs to be answered because stress is a problem that Phones 4 you must deal with; stress can cause poor work performance and lower employee morale. These factors can increase employee turnover rate and lessen quality of life. We all must deal with stress; question is how we handle and control it. With downsizing the buzz word in the modern corporate world, companies have become mean and lean. Employees are compelled to be more efficient Phones 4 you; they find themselves taking on the work of what used to be two. The result is longer hours, less time for outside activities, and consequently increased stress. According to Business Week, the typical British works 47 hours a week, and if current trends continue, in 20 years the average person would be on the job 60 hours a week. Another factor that increases stress is technological advancements. With all the new technology one is always connected to work and accessible 24 hours a day 7 days a week. According to Business Week, it is now possible, and thus increasingly expected, for employees to be accessible and productive any hour, any day (Bollen, 1993, 18). At a workplace, one observes several sales people working long hours, claiming it is due to under staffing. Employees reach a point of diminishing returns. The more hours they work, the less productive they are. This stressful condition causes the quality of work to dwindle. Consequently, clients recognize this, and eventually they terminate the business relationship. Soon the company loses, as it is built on these clients (Moos, 1989, 58). Statement of the Objectives This research expects to discuss factors which lead to stress in the workplace at Phones 4 you. Are individuals stressed in the workplace at Phones 4 you? What causes stress in the workplace Phones 4 you? Who is mostly stressed: men or women? Are individuals being exposed to stress management techniques? Should employers implement stress management techniques? as a future manager, I would like to be able to determine if stress is a problem for employees; if so, implement a strategy to curtail stress in the workplace. By recognizing stress in the workplace, employers can act appropriately to reduce stress. The outcome can benefit social and family relationships, as well as preserve ones health and make us more productive in our organizations (Moos, 1982, 25). Scope The research project will comprise of a sample size of 30 individuals, randomly selected from general business areas. The study will analyze stress factors in the U.K workforce and its impact on the British organization. Effective stress management techniques will then be presented, which will allow individuals or organizations to implement. Secondary information from various sources will be utilized to explore effective methods of coping with stress. The conclusions and recommendations I will draw will be applicable to any British organization with stress as a problem. Although this study will generalize from the small population, it can be used as a starting point to recognizing the problem, as each organization can require a different approach (Parkes, 1986, 36). Limitations The sources utilized in the research will be extracted from current articles (2006-present) from online services, the Internet, and public libraries. A survey will be given to individuals of randomly chosen organizations and will not target any specific company or industry. Due to time constraints, the population will be limited to 30 individuals. The research will explore factors causing stress in the workplace and its impact on organizations. Effective methods of coping with stress will be given, but limited to ones examined in the secondary resources (Portello, 1996, 548). Research Procedures The project will focus on stress factors in the workplace and effective methods to balance a healthy lifestyle. The sample group will consist of 30 individuals randomly selected from general business areas. The survey will be conducted during lunch periods when several employees leave and return to the workplace. The questionnaire will attempt to see if the sample individuals believe stress is a problem and what can be done to resolve it. The questionnaire will be delivered in person and each individual will fill out the survey at that point. Since the survey will be conducted in a general public area, no authorization is needed to administer. Once I receive all the surveys, I will quantify the data into an Excel spreadsheet. I will report the data mostly in percentages (e.g. 70percent of the individuals acknowledge that stress is a problem in the workplace). The data will be utilized to see if stress is a factor impacting the British workforce. Stress management techniques will be presented where appropriate (Browne, 1993, 578). Chapter Two: Literature Review Stress is an adaptive response. It is the bodys reaction to an event that is seen as emotionally disturbing, disquieting, or threatening. When we perceive such an event, we experience what stress researchers call the fight or flight response. To prepare for fighting or fleeing, the body increases its heart rate and blood pressure; more blood is then sent to your heart and muscles, and your respiration rate increases (Carmines, 1981, 48). Stress is both positive and negative. Good stress is a balance of arousal and relaxation that helps you concentrate, focus, and achieve what you want. Bad stress is constant stress and constant arousal that may lead to high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, and worse. The body does not distinguish between negative and positive stress. The same physiological responses can take place whether you are happy or sad about a given situation. When extending to the workplace, stress may lead to poor work performance and end up costing an organizations several thousands of dollars. The organization loses on salary because they are not receiving satisfactory production and if the employee becomes ill, health and workers compensation rates can soar . The organization must decide whether or no to implement a stress management program, since there are several external stressors that can overtake an individual. Internal stressors, within organizations include technology and corporate downsizing which leads to longer hours and job uncertainty. If one does not know how to manage stress, it can get out of control ) (Rock, 1997, 4). Analyzing Stress on Individuals In a 1995 survey of 1,705 respondents it is analyzed that stress rises with level of education and job level and is higher than average for women (Robinson, 1996, 88). Fifty-eight percent of the women respondents possess moderate to a lot of stress in the workplace compared to 53 percent of men. From the divorced individuals, 62 percent are stressed in the workplace compared to married and never married at 57 percent, and 58 percent respectively. The widowed respondents maintain the least stress at 38 percent (Robinson, 1996, 48). College graduate respondents possess more stress at 64 percent than high school graduates at 55 percent. Only 43 percent of the less than high school respondents felt stress in the workplace. Those with more education feel more stress, possibly because their jobs involve greater managerial and financial responsibility (Robinson, 1996, 87). Stress is an epidemic in British life. In nationwide polls, 89 percent of Britishers reported that they often experience high levels of stress, and 59 percent claimed that they feel great stress at least once a week (Hellmich, 1994, 57). A five year study of the British workforce conducted by the Families and Work Institute showed that 30 percent of employees often or very often feel burned out or stressed by their jobs, 27 percent feel emotionally drained from their work, and 42 percent feel used up at the end of the work day (Hellmich, 1994, 4). Balancing work pressures and family responsibilities leaves many workers feeling burned out. Examining the Effects of Downsizing on Stress The downsizing of organizations have caused a stressful environment. Downsizing has created concerns over job security, and has forced employees to take on a larger workload. According to a local union representing U.K. West stated that work still needs to be done, but with fewer people (Scott, 1996, 41). Downsizing creates quantitative and qualitative stress. Quantitative stress pertains to doing the same amount of work with fewer people. Reengineering the organization entails shaping the company to be more efficient with less individuals. These individuals are asked to do a wider variety of work functions they are not trained to do, causing qualitative overload (Scott, 1996, 35). Occupational Stress is the harmful physical and emotional response that occurs when there is a poor match between job demands and the capabilities, resources, or needs of the worker. Stress-related disorders encompass a broad array of conditions, including psychological disorders (e.g., depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder) and other types of emotional strain (e.g., dissatisfaction, fatigue, tension, etc.), maladaptive behaviours (e.g., aggression, substance abuse), and cognitive impairment (e.g., concentration and memory problems). In turn, these conditions may lead to poor work performance or even injury. Job stress is also associated with various biological reactions that may lead ultimately to compromised health, such as cardiovascular disease (Rosenfield, 1989, 5). Prevalence Stress is a prevalent and costly problem in todays workplace. About one-third of workers report high levels of stress. One-fourth of employees view their jobs as the number one stressor in their lives. Three-fourths of employees believe the worker has more on-the-job stress than a generation ago. Evidence also suggests that stress is the major cause of turnover in organizations (Scheier, 1985, 65). Health and Healthcare Utilization Problems at work are more strongly associated with health complaints than are any other life stressor-more so than even financial problems or family problems. Many studies suggest that psychologically demanding jobs that allow employees little control over the work process increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. On the basis of research by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and many other organizations, it is widely believed that job stress increases the risk for development of back and upper-extremity musculoskeletal disorders. High levels of stress are associated with substantial increases in health service utilization. Workers who report experiencing stress at work also show excessive health care utilization. In a 1998 study of 46,000 workers, health care costs were nearly 50% greater for workers reporting high levels of stress in comparison to low risk workers. The increment rose to nearly 150%, an increase of more than $1,700 per person annually, for workers reporting high levels of both stress and depression. Additionally, periods of disability due to job stress tend to be much longer than disability periods for other occupational injuries and illnesses (Schwartz, 1993, 58). Causes of Occupational Stress Job stress results from the interaction of the worker and the conditions of work. Views differ on the importance of worker characteristics versus working conditions as the primary cause of job stress. The differing viewpoints suggest different ways to prevent stress at work. According to one school of thought, differences in individual characteristics such as personality and coping style are most important in predicting whether certain job conditions will result in stress-in other words, what is stressful for one person may not be a problem for someone else. This viewpoint leads to prevention strategies that focus on workers and ways to help them cope with demanding job conditions. Although the importance of individual differences cannot be ignored, scientific evidence suggests that certain working conditions are stressful to most people. Such evidence argues for a greater emphasis on working conditions as the key source of job stress, and for job redesign as a primary prevention str ategy. Personal interview surveys of working conditions, including conditions recognized as risk factors for job stress, were conducted in Member States of the European Union in 1990, 1995, and 2000. Results showed a trend across these periods suggestive of increasing work intensity. In 1990, the percentage of workers reporting that they worked at high speeds at least one-fourth of their working time was 48%, increasing to 54% in 1995 and to 56% in 2000. Similarly, 50% of workers reported they work against tight deadlines at least one-fourth of their working time in 1990, increasing to 56% in 1995 and 60 % in 2000. However, no change was noted in the period 1995–2000 (data not collected in 1990) in the percentage of workers reporting sufficient time to complete tasks. A substantial percentage of Britishers work very long hours. By one estimate, more than 26% of men and more than 11% of women worked 50 hours per week or more in 2000. These figures represent a considerable incr ease over the previous three decades, especially for women. According to the Department of Labour, there has been an upward trend in hours worked among employed women, an increase in extended work weeks (>40 hours) by men, and a considerable increase in combined working hours among working couples, particularly couples with young children (Shaw, 1993, 4). Signs of Occupational Stress Mood and sleep disturbances, upset stomach and headache, and disturbed relationships with family, friend and girl/boy friends are examples of stress-related problems. The effects of job stress on chronic diseases are more difficult to see because chronic diseases take a long time to develop and can be influenced by many factors other than stress. Nonetheless, evidence is rapidly accumulating to suggest that stress plays an important role in several types of chronic health problems-especially cardiovascular disease, musculoskeletal disorders, and psychological disorders (Sherer, 1982, 36). Prevention A combination of organizational change and stress management is often the most useful approach for preventing stress at work. How to Change the Organization to Prevent Job Stress Ensure that the workload is in line with workers capabilities and resources. Design jobs to provide meaning, stimulation, and opportunities for workers to use their skills. Clearly define workers roles and responsibilities. Give workers opportunities to participate in decisions and actions affecting their jobs. Improve communications-reduce uncertainty about career development and future employment prospects. Provide opportunities for social interaction among workers. Establish work schedules that are compatible with demands and responsibilities outside the job. St. Paul Fire and Marine Insurance Company conducted several studies on the effects of stress prevention programs in hospital settings. Program activities included (1) employee and management education on job stress, (2) changes in hospital policies and procedures to reduce organizational sources of stress, and (3) establishment of employee assistance programs. In one study, the frequency of medication errors declined by 50% after prevention activities were implemented in a 700-bed hospital. In a second study, there was a 70% reduction in malpractice claims in 22 hospitals that implemented stress prevention activities. In contrast, there was no reduction in claims in a matched group of 22 hospitals that did not implement stress prevention activities (Smith, 1981, 24). Chapter Three: Research Methodology Design The data reported here are from two separate data sets. In order to cross-validate the model, data from the original study of managerial women were used, and these included data from the first three assessments of a 2-year longitudinal study. In the original article (B. C. Long et al., 1992, 165), a conceptual model of stress and coping was tested and developed that was based on data from the first three assessments (Time 1 to Time 3) of 11 assessments completed over 2 years. Status, Sex Role Attitudes, and Agentic Traits were assessed at Time 1; Appraisals, Disengagement and Engagement Coping, Work Environment, and Daily Hassles were assessed at Time 2; and Distress and Satisfaction were assessed at Time 3. These data were used as a base to test the validity of the model on a new set of data obtained from clerical workers, data that have not been reported elsewhere (Snapp, 1992, 32). Sampling The managerial women (n = 249) were employed in nontraditional occupations (i.e., fewer than 35% of British employees are women). Their mean age was 38.84 years (SD = 7.68, range = 22–66). More detailed descriptions of the managers characteristics can be found in B. C. Long et al. (1992). The clerical workers who participated were employed in both large and small organizations in the same large western British city in which the managers were employed. The clerical workers volunteered in response to written requests for participants that I circulated in the media and by networking. The notices were directed to full-time female clerical workers and indicated that the purpose of the study was to investigate how clerical workers experienced Occupational Stress. No incentives were offered other than a final summary report. à Ã… ¾f the 284 respondents who made contact by telephone, 273 met the criteria for inclusion (i.e., they were employed in a clerical position, worked more than 20 hours per week, and did not supervise others). à Ã… ¾f the 273 clerical workers who met the criteria and were distributed questionnaires at Time 1, 39 withdrew from the study because of lack of time to participate, 7 no longer met our criteria because of promotion, unemployment, or leave o f absence from work (e.g., due to accident or illness), and 4 moved. The overall dropout rate was 18%. Dropout analyses were conducted on the demographic variables measured at Time 1. No differences were found between the retained (n = 223) and dropout (n = 50) respondents. Chi-square analyses of the demographic variables (marital status, education, number of children, job level, and size of the company) were not significant. Because 9 participants identified a personal rather than a work stressor, their data were omitted from the model testing. All respondents were self-identified clerical workers. Job classifications included clerks (25%), secretaries–stenographers (23%), administrative assistants (34%), and others (18%). The mean age was 39.77 years (SD = 9.46, range = 22–63 years). Fifty-three percent of the clerical workers were married, 22% were single, and 25% were divorced, separated, or widowed. Fifty-three percent were parents. Twenty-four percent had a high school education or less, 42% had special training (e.g., secretarial, clerical), 17% had a college education (2 years postsecondary), and 13% had a university degree. Household incomes ranged from less than $25,000 (British) per year (23.4%) to over $61,000 (British) per year (27.5%). The major industries represented were education (31%), service (35%), utilities and public administration (12%), manufacturing and transportation (10%), and other (8%). On average the women had been in the workforce for 17.02 years (SD = 8.74,